Advance in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2026.02.009

Abstract

Abstract: The paradigm for diagnosing and treating Alzheimer's disease(AD) is undergoing a profound transformation, moving towards a biomarker-driven and early-intervention-oriented stage. In diagnosis, the emergence of high-performance biomarkers such as plasma p-tau217 has significantly advanced the ultra-early detection of AD pathology, substantially shifting the diagnostic window forward.Meanwhile, multimodal molecular imaging techniques based on the ATN(VIS) biomarkers diagnosis framework, including amyloid β-protein(Aβ)-PET and tau-PET, enable in vivo visualization and typing of pathological burden, greatly enhancing diagnostic accuracy. The therapeutic field has also witnessed significant progress, with anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody drugs like Lecanemab and Donanemab receiving approval, demonstrating that disease-modifying therapy(DMT) targeting core pathology can effectively delay clinical decline. Current research has expanded to multiple pathological mechanisms, such as Aβ, tau and neuroinflammation, alongside active exploration of personalized combination therapy strategies. Future challenges lie in promoting the clinical translation and equitable application of these innovations to address the growing public health burden. This article systematically reviews the latest advancements in the field of biomarkers diagnosis and targeted therapy for AD, aiming to provide important references for establishing an early and precise diagnosis and treatment system and promoting clinical translation applications.

Key words: Alzheimer disease, Biomarkers, Disease modifying therapy(not in MeSH), Precision medicine, Review

摘要： 阿尔茨海默病的诊断与治疗范式正处于深刻变革中，逐步迈向以生物学标志物为导向、早干预为核心的新阶段。诊断方面，血浆p-tau217等高性能生物学标志物的涌现推动阿尔茨海默病病理的超早期识别，使诊断窗口大幅前移；基于ATN(VIS)生物学标志物诊断框架的多模态分子影像学技术[如β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）-PET、tau-PET]实现对病理负荷的可视化与分型评估，显著提高诊断的准确性。治疗领域亦迎来重要进展，以仑卡奈单抗、多奈单抗为代表的抗Aβ单克隆抗体药物相继获批，证实针对核心病理的疾病修饰治疗可以有效延缓疾病进展。目前研究前沿已拓展至靶向Aβ、tau蛋白和神经炎症等多重病理环节，并积极探索个体化联合治疗策略。未来挑战在于推动这些创新成果的临床转化与普惠应用，以应对日益严峻的公共卫生负担。本文系统梳理阿尔茨海默病在生物学标志物诊断与靶向治疗领域的新进展，旨在为构建早期精准诊疗体系及推动临床转化应用提供重要参考。

关键词: 阿尔茨海默病, 生物标记, 疾病修饰治疗(非MeSH词), 精准医学, 综述

CLC Number:

R741

LIAO Jiang-feng, CHEN Xiao-chun. Advance in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(2): 179-187.

廖江锋, 陈晓春. 阿尔茨海默病临床诊断与治疗进展[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2026, 26(2): 179-187.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

URL: https://journal11.magtechjournal.com/cjcnn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2026.02.009

https://journal11.magtechjournal.com/cjcnn/EN/Y2026/V26/I2/179

References

[1] McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CRJr, Kawas CH, Klunk WE, Koroshetz WJ, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rossor MN, Scheltens P, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Weintraub S, Phelps CH.The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease:recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2011, 7:263-269.
[2] GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators.Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050:an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019[J]. Lancet Public Health, 2022, 7:e105-e125.
[3] Zhi N, Ren R, Qi J, Liu X, Yun Z, Lin S, Hu Y, Li H, Xie X, Wang J, Li J, Zhu Y, Gao M, Yang J, Wang Y, Jing Y, Geng J, Cao W, Xu Q, Yu X, Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Wang L, Gao C, Li B, Chen S, Yuan F, Dou R, Liu X, Li X, Yin Y, Chang Y, Xu G, Zhong Y, Li C, Wang Y, Zhou M, Wang G.The China Alzheimer report 2025[J]. Gen Psychiatr, 2025, 38:e102020.
[4] Palmqvist S, Whitson HE, Allen LA, Suarez-Calvet M, Galasko D, Karikari TK, Okrahvi HR, Paczynski M, Schindler SE, Teunissen CE, Zetterberg H, Carrillo MC, Edelmayer RM, Mahinrad S, McAteer MB, Kahale LA, Pahlke S, Tampi MP.Alzheimer's Association Clinical Practice Guideline on the use of blood-based biomarkers in the diagnostic workup of suspected Alzheimer's disease within specialized care settings[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2025, 21:e70535.
[5] Jia J, Ning Y, Chen M, Wang S, Yang H, Li F, Ding J, Li Y, Zhao B, Lyu J, Yang S, Yan X, Wang Y, Qin W, Wang Q, Li Y, Zhang J, Liang F, Liao Z, Wang S.Biomarker changes during 20 years preceding Alzheimer's disease[J]. N Engl JMed, 2024, 390:712-722.
[6] Oh HS, Urey DY, Karlsson L, Zhu Z, Shen Y, Farinas A, Timsina J, Duggan MR, Chen J, Guldner IH, Morshed N, Yang C, Western D, Ali M, Le Guen Y, Trelle A, Herukka SK, Rauramaa T, Hiltunen M, Lipponen A, Luikku AJ, Poston KL, Mormino E, Wagner AD, Wilson EN, Channappa D, Leinonen V, Stevens B, Ehrenberg AJ, Gottesman RF, Coresh J, Walker KA, Zetterberg H, Bennett DA, Franzmeier N, Hansson O, Cruchaga C, Wyss-Coray T.A cerebrospinal fluid synaptic protein biomarker for prediction of cognitive resilience versus decline in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Nat Med, 2025, 31:1592-1603.
[7] Pomilio CJ, VinuesaÁ, Presa JL, Cano A, Beauquis J, Rabinovich GA, Saravia F.Galectin-1 as a therapeutic strategy and a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2025, 21(Suppl 1):e096005.
[8] Montoliu-Gaya L, SalvadóG, Therriault J, Nilsson J, Janelidze S, Weiner S, Ashton NJ, Benedet AL, Rahmouni N, LanteroRodriguez J, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Palmqvist S, Brinkmalm G, Stomrud E, Zetterberg H, Gobom J, Rosa-Neto P, Blennow K, Hansson O.Plasma tau biomarkers for biological staging of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Nat Aging, 2025, 5:2297-2308.
[9] Therriault J, Brum WS, Trudel L, Macedo AC, Bitencourt FV, Martins-Pfeifer CC, Nakouzi M, Pola I, Wong M, Kac PR, Real AP, Witherow C, Karikari TK, Moscoso A, Zimmer ER, Schöll M, Pascoal T, Benedet AL, Ashton NJ, Schindler SE, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Rosa-Neto P.Blood phosphorylated tau for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease:a systematic review and metaanalysis[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2025, 24:740-752.
[10] Palmqvist S, Warmenhoven N, Anastasi F, Pilotto A, Janelidze S, Tideman P, Stomrud E, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Smith R, Ossenkoppele R, Tan K, Dittrich A, Skoog I, Zetterberg H, Quaresima V, Tolassi C, Höglund K, Brugnoni D, Puig-Pijoan A, Fernández-Lebrero A, Contador J, Padovani A, Monane M, Verghese PB, Braunstein JB, Kern S, Blennow K, Ashton NJ, Suárez-Calvet M, Hansson O.Plasma phospho-tau217 for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis in primary and secondary care using a fully automated platform[J]. Nat Med, 2025, 31:2036-2043.
[11] Horie K, SalvadóG, Koppisetti RK, Janelidze S, Barthélemy NR, He Y, Sato C, Gordon BA, Jiang H, Benzinger TLS, Stomrud E, Holtzman DM, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Morris JC, Palmqvist S, Ossenkoppele R, Schindler SE, Hansson O, Bateman RJ.Plasma MTBR-tau243 biomarker identifies tau tangle pathology in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Nat Med, 2025, 31:2044-2053.
[12] Pan FF, Huang L, Wang Y, Huang Q, Guan YH, Li YH, Xie F, Guo QH.Plasma p-tau217, GFAP, and NfL as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease:role in disease stratification, pathological progression, and cognitive decline[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2025, 21:e70987.
[13] Chen J, Hadi F, Wen X, Zhao W, Xu M, Xue S, Lin P, Calandrelli R, Richard JLC, Song Z, Li J, Amani A, Liu Y, Chen X, Zhong S.Transcriptional regulation by PHGDH drives amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Cell, 2025, 188:3513-3529.
[14] Rickenbach C, Mallone A, Häusle L, Frei L, Seiter S, Sparano C, Kirabali T, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Ferretti MT, Kulic L, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Treyer V, Gietl A, Gericke C.Altered T-cell reactivity in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Brain, 2025, 148:3364-3378.
[15] Skelly D, Attfield KE, Fugger L.T cells turn in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Brain, 2025, 148:3034-3036.
[16] Qiu C, Zhou W, Shen H, Wang J, Tang R, Wang T, Xie X, Hong B, Ren R, Wang G, Song Z.Profiles of subgingival microbiomes and gingival crevicular metabolic signatures in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2024, 16:41.
[17] Moscoso A, Heeman F, Raghavan S, Costoya-Sánchez A, van Essen M, Mainta I, Camacho V, Rodríguez-Fonseca O, SilvaRodríguez J, Perissinotti A, Gu Y, Yun J, Peretti D, Ribaldi F, Coomans EM, Brum WS, Grothe MJ, Aguiar P, Bischof GN, Drzezga A, Seo SW, Villeneuve S, Malpetti M, O'Brien JT, Rowe JB, van de Giessen EM, Ossenkoppele R, Jagust WJ, Smith R, Hansson O, Frisoni GB, Garibotto V, SoleimaniMeigooni DN, Carrillo M, Dickerson BC, La Joie R, Rabinovici GD, Apostolova LG, LaMontagne PJ, Pontecorvo MJ, Johnson KA, Sperling RA, Weiner MW, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr, Vemuri P, Schöll M;PREVENT-AD Research Group, The Harvard Aging Brain Study, The LEADS Consortium, and The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.Frequency and clinical outcomes associated with tau positron emission tomography positivity[J]. JAMA, 2025, 334:229-242.
[18] Horti AG, Naik R, Foss CA, Minn I, Misheneva V, Du Y, Wang Y, Mathews WB, Wu Y, Hall A, LaCourse C, Ahn HH, Nam H, Lesniak WG, Valentine H, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Smith MD, Calabresi PA, Savonenko AV, Dannals RF, Pletnikov MV, Pomper MG.PET imaging of microglia by targeting macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor(CSF1R)[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2019, 116:1686-1691.
[19] Mecca AP, Chen MK, O'Dell RS, Naganawa M, Toyonaga T, Godek TA, Harris JE, Bartlett HH, Zhao W, Nabulsi NB, Wyk BCV, Varma P, Arnsten AFT, Huang Y, Carson RE, van Dyck CH.In vivo measurement of widespread synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease with SV2A PET[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2020, 16:974-982.
[20] Marmarelis V, Billinger S, Joe E, Shin D, Hashem S, Rizko J, Hazen E, Cardim D, Burns J, Zhang R, Chui HC.Dysregulation of cerebral perfusion dynamics is associated with Alzheimer's disease[J]. Alzheimers Dement(Amst), 2025, 17:e70134.
[21] Rafii MS, Aisen PS.Amyloid-lowering immunotherapies for Alzheimer disease:current status and future directions[J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2025, 21:490-498.
[22] Frisoni GB, Aho E, Brayne C, Ciccarelli O, Dubois B, Fox NC, Frederiksen KS, Gabay C, Garibotto V, Hofmarcher T, Jack CRJr, Kivipelto M, Petersen RC, Ribaldi F, Rowe CC, Walsh S, Zetterberg H, Hansson O.Alzheimer's disease outlook:controversies and future directions[J]. Lancet, 2025, 406:1424-1442.
[23] van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, Bateman RJ, Chen C, Gee M, Kanekiyo M, Li D, Reyderman L, Cohen S, Froelich L, Katayama S, Sabbagh M, Vellas B, Watson D, Dhadda S, Irizarry M, Kramer LD, Iwatsubo T.Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2023, 388:9-21.
[24] Chen C, Katayama S, Lee JH, Lee JY, Nakagawa M, Torii K, Ogawa T, Dash A, Irizarry M, Dhadda S, Kanekiyo M, Hersch S, Iwatsubo T.Clarity AD:Asian regional analysis of a phaseⅢtrial of lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Prev Alzheimers Dis, 2025, 12:100160.
[25] Eisai Co., Ltd.FDA approves LEQEMBI^®IQLIK^TM(lecanemabirmb) subcutaneous injection for maintenance dosing for the treatment of early Alzheimer's disease[EB/OL]. (2025-08-30)[2025-10-01]. https://www.eisai.com/news/2025/news202559.html.
[26] Zimmer JA, Sims JR, Evans CD, Nery ESM, Wang H, Wessels AM, Tronchin G, Sato S, Raket LL, Andersen SW, Sapin C, Paget MA, Gueorguieva I, Ardayfio P, Khanna R, Brooks DA, Matthews BR, Mintun MA;Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease:results from the TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 long-term extension[J]. J Prev Alzheimers Dis, 2026, 13:100446.
[27] Yaari R, Holdridge KC, Williamson M, Wessels AM, Shcherbinin S, Kotari V, Reiman EM, Tariot PN, Alexander R, Langbaum JB, Sims JR.Donanemab in preclinical Alzheimer's disease:screening and baseline data from TRAILBLAZER-ALZ3[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2025, 21:e70662.
[28] Maheshwari S, Singh A, Ansari VA, Mahmood T, Wasim R, Akhtar J, Verma A.Navigating the dementia landscape:biomarkers and emerging therapies[J]. Ageing Res Rev, 2024, 94:102193.
[29] Sato K, Iwatsubo T.Anti-amyloid antibody drugs as diseasemodifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease[J]. Brain Nerve, 2024, 76:991-995.
[30] Congdon EE, Ji C, Tetlow AM, Jiang Y, Sigurdsson EM.Tautargeting therapies for Alzheimer disease:current status and future directions[J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2023, 19:715-736.
[31] Schuele R, Synofzik M, Graessner H, Aartsma-Rus A.Advancing ASO therapies from development to implementation[J]. Nat Med, 2024, 30:2725-2726.
[32] Hou K, Ge P, Sawaya MR, Lutter L, Dolinsky JL, Yang Y, Jiang YX, Boyer DR, Cheng X, Pi J, Zhang J, Lu J, Abskharon R, Yang S, Yu Z, Feigon J, Eisenberg DS.How short peptides disassemble tau fibrils in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Nature, 2025, 644:1020-1027.
[33] van Olst L, Simonton B, Edwards AJ, Forsyth AV, Boles J, Jamshidi P, Watson T, Shepard N, Krainc T, Argue BM, Zhang Z, Kuruvilla J, Camp L, Li M, Xu H, Norman JL, Cahan J, Vassar R, Chen J, Castellani RJ, Nicoll JA, Boche D, Gate D.Microglial mechanisms drive amyloid-β clearance in immunized patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. Nat Med, 2025, 31:1604-1616.
[34] Cummings JL, Zhou Y, Lee G, Zhong K, Fonseca J, LeisgangOsse AM, Cheng F.Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline:2025[J]. Alzheimers Dement(NY), 2025, 11:e70098.
[35] Imbimbo C, Cotta Ramusino M, Leone S, Mazzacane F, De Franco V, Gatti A, Perini G, Costa A.Emerging pharmacological approaches for psychosis and agitation in Alzheimer's disease[J]. CNS Drugs, 2025, 39:143-160.
[36] Lee D, Slomkowski M, Hefting N, Chen D, Larsen KG, Kohegyi E, Hobart M, Cummings JL, Grossberg GT.Brexpiprazole for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer dementia:a randomized clinical tria[lJ]. JAMA Neurol, 2023, 80:1307-1316.
[37] Kaul I, Sawchak S, Correll CU, Kakar R, Breier A, Zhu H, Miller AC, Paul SM, Brannan SK.Efficacy and safety of the muscarinic receptor agonist KarXT(xanomeline-trospium) in schizophrenia(EMERGENT-2) in the USA:results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose phase 3 tria[lJ]. Lancet, 2024, 403:160-170.
[38] Duggan MR, Morgan DG, Price BR, Rajbanshi B, Martin-Peña A, Tansey MG, Walker KA.Immune modulation to treat Alzheimer's disease[J]. Mol Neurodegener, 2025, 20:39.
[39] Li Y, Pereda Serras C, Blumenfeld J, Xie M, Hao Y, Deng E, Chun YY, Holtzman J, An A, Yoon SY, Tang X, Rao A, Woldemariam S, Tang A, Zhang A, Simms J, Lo I, Oskotsky T, Keiser MJ, Huang Y, Sirota M.Cell-type-directed networkcorrecting combination therapy for Alzheimer's disease[J]. Cell, 2025, 188:5516-5534.
[40] Nørgaard CH, Friedrich S, Hansen CT, Gerds T, Ballard C, Møller DV, Knudsen LB, Kvist K, Zinman B, Holm E, TorpPedersen C, Mørch LS.Treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1receptor agonists and incidence of dementia:data from pooled double-blind randomized controlled trials and nationwide disease and prescription registers[J]. Alzheimers Dement(NY), 2022, 8:e12268.
[41] Ciccone I, Scheltens P.Phase 3 study results of obicetrapib on Alzheimer disease biomarker progression:Philip Scheltens, MD, PhD[EB/OL]. (2025-08-03)[2025-10-01]. https://www.neurologylive.com/view/phase-3-study-results-obicetrapib-adbiomarker-progression-philip-scheltens.
[42] Greeley D, Nash M, Herskowitz B, Kim F, Rock J, Prins N, Kim S, Xi T, Busam JA, Tete B, Choung JJ, Sha SJ.A phase 2randomized, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and safety of AR1001, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Prev Alzheimers Dis, 2025, 12:100337.
[43] Cammann D, Lu Y, Cummings MJ, Zhang ML, Cue JM, Do J, Ebersole J, Chen X, Oh EC, Cummings JL, Chen J.Genetic correlations between Alzheimer's disease and gut microbiome genera[J]. Sci Rep, 2023, 13:5258.
[44] Aron L, Ngian ZK, Qiu C, Choi J, Liang M, Drake DM, Hamplova SE, Lacey EK, Roche P, Yuan M, Hazaveh SS, Lee EA, Bennett DA, Yankner BA.Lithium deficiency and the onset of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Nature, 2025, 645:712-721.
[45] Wang S, Li B, Li J, Cai Z, Hugo C, Sun Y, Qian L, Tcw J, Chui HC, Dikeman D, Asante I, Louie SG, Bennett DA, Arvanitakis Z, Remaley AT, Kerman BE, Yassine HN.Cellular senescence induced by cholesterol accumulation is mediated by lysosomal ABCA1 in APOE4 and AD[J]. Mol Neurodegener, 2025, 20:15.
[46] Liao J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Chen L, Zhang J, Chen X.Peroxiredoxin 6 in stress orchestration and disease interplay[J]. Antioxidants(Basel), 2025, 14:379.
[47] Schneider LS, Hernandez G, Zhao L, Franke AA, Chen YL, Pawluczyk S, Mack WJ, Brinton RD.Safety and feasibility of estrogen receptor-β targeted phytoSERM formulation for menopausal symptoms:phase 1b/2a randomized clinical trial[J]. Menopause, 2019, 26:874-884.
[48] Cummings JL, Burstein AH, Fillit H.Alzheimer combination therapies:overview and scenarios[J]. J Prev Alzheimers Dis, 2025, 12:100328.
[49] Chen SJ, Chen H, You J, Chen SD, Fu Y, Zhang W, Huang L, Feng JF, Gao X, Cheng W, Yuan C, Yu JT.Machine learningassisted optimization of dietary intervention against dementia risk[J]. Nat Hum Behav, 2025, 9:2313-2326.
[50] Livingston G, Huntley J, Liu KY, Costafreda SG, Selbæk G, Alladi S, Ames D, Banerjee S, Burns A, Brayne C, Fox NC, Ferri CP, Gitlin LN, Howard R, Kales HC, Kivimäki M, Larson EB, Nakasujja N, Rockwood K, Samus Q, Shirai K, SinghManoux A, Schneider LS, Walsh S, Yao Y, Sommerlad A, Mukadam N.Dementia prevention, intervention, and care:2024report of the Lancet standing Commission[J]. Lancet, 2024, 404:572-628.
[51] Liu H, Chen Y, Zhang J, Chen X.Adaptive immunity in the neuroinflammation of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Chin Med J(Engl), 2025, 138:2116-2129.
[52] Elyaman W, Stern LJ, Jiang N, Dressman D, Bradley P, Klatzmann D, Bradshaw EM, Farber DL, Kent SC, Chizari S, Funk K, Devanand D, Thakur KT, Raj T, Dalahmah OA, Sarkis RA, Weiner HL, Shneider NA, Przedborski S.Exploring the role of T cells in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases:emerging therapeutic insights from the T cells in the Brain symposium[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2025, 21:e14548.
[53] Zhang J, Fang W, Liu H, Li R, Zhu Z, Wu X, Yao S, Fu Y, Li R, Chen W, Ye Q, Liu Q, Chen X.Bone marrow Blymphopoiesis accelerates early cerebral amyloid pathology[J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2025, 10:312.
[54] He G, Huang J, Zeng Z, Sun H, Wu C, Xu Q, Hu C, Jin B, Tong M, Wang C.Stem cell therapy offers new hope for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2025, 13:1650885.
[55] Rash BG, Ramdas KN, Agafonova N, Naioti E, McClain-Moss L, Zainul Z, Varnado B, Peterson K, Brown M, Leal T, Kopcho S, Carballosa R, Patel P, Brody M, Herskowitz B, Fuquay A, Rodriguez S, Jacobson AF, Leon R, Pfeffer M, Schwartzbard JB, Botbyl J, Oliva AA Jr, Hare JM.Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy with laromestrocel in mild Alzheimer's disease:a randomized controlled phase 2a trial[J]. Nat Med, 2025, 31:1257-1266.
[56] Jeyaraman M, Rajendran RL, Muthu S, Jeyaraman N, Sharma S, Jha SK, Muthukanagaraj P, Hong CM, Furtado da Fonseca L, Santos Duarte Lana JF, Ahn BC, Gangadaran P.An update on stem cell and stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapy in the management of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Heliyon, 2023, 9:e17808.
[57] Moser VA, Dimas-Harms LJ, Lipman RM, Inzalaco J, Bell S, Alcantara M, Valenzuela E, Lawless G, Kreimer S, Parker SJ, Goodridge HS, Svendsen CN.Human iPSC-derived mononuclear phagocytes improve cognition and neural health across multiple mouse models of aging and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Adv Sci(Weinh), 2025, 12:e17848.
[58] Murdock MH, Yang CY, Sun N, Pao PC, Blanco-Duque C, Kahn MC, Kim T, Lavoie NS, Victor MB, Islam MR, Galiana F, Leary N, Wang S, Bubnys A, Ma E, Akay LA, Sneve M, Qian Y, Lai C, McCarthy MM, Kopell N, Kellis M, Piatkevich KD, Boyden ES, Tsai LH.Multisensory gamma stimulation promotes glymphatic clearance of amyloid[J]. Nature, 2024, 627:149-156.
[59] Li X, Zhang Y, Tang L, Ye L, Tang M.Effects of virtual realitybased interventions on cognitive function, emotional state, and quality of life in patients with mild cognitive impairment:a metaanalysis[J]. Front Neurol, 2025, 16:1496382.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export