With the rapid development of society and economy and the acceleration of population aging, the global disease spectrum has undergone profound changes. Neurological diseases, especially brain functional disorders, have become major threats to human health. Neuromodulation technique, as a critical means to address this challenge, has opened new avenues for the treatment of brain functional disorders and has become one of the three innovative technologies in modern neurosurgery. This paper systematically elaborates on the concept, classification, and technological evolution of neuromodulation, focusing on the clinical application progress of invasive neuromodulation technique. It analyzes their efficacy and potential in the fields of movement disorders, epilepsy, pain, cognitive impairment, and neurorehabilitation. Additionally, it explores the integration trend between neuromodulation and brain-computer interface (BCI), pointing out that closed-loop neuromodulation has become an important component of BCI, providing new approaches for precise treatment and individualized modulation. Finally, it proposes future development directions in the field of neuromodulation, including expanding new indications, innovating target exploration models, updating treatment concepts, and conducting high-quality evidence-based medical research. Looking ahead, Chinese neuromodulation endeavors should seize current opportunities, achieve a leap from following to leading through continuous exploration and innovation, and make greater contributions to global brain health.

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder that severely impacts the quality of life and social functioning. Approximately 1/3 of patients are diagnosed with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), for which conventional antiepileptic seizure medicine (ASM) and traditional surgery have limited efficacy. In recent years, responsive neurostimulation (RNS), as a closed-loop neuromodulation technique, has provided a novel treatment option for DRE. The RNS utilizes invasived electrodes to monitor brain activity in real time, detect seizure precursors, and deliver electrical stimulation, effectively reducing the frequency and severity of DRE. This paper aims to review the composition of the RNS, optimization and dyanmic adjustment of stimulation parameters, long-term data recording and analysis, fusion with machine learning, clinical efficacy, and comparison with vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). It also explores the technical challenges and discusses future development directions. RNS holds promise for providing personalized and precise treatment to more DRE and expanding its application to other neurological disorders.

As a mature neuromodulation technique, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been widely used in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the earliest indications for DBS and has received the most treatment so far. It has attracted extensive attention and in-depth research from the academic community for a long time, and has made remarkable progress in multiple fields. This review highlights the optimization of DBS for PD, focusing on two key directions: surgical technology innovation and neural circuit mechanism research. It explores the surgical technology innovation, equipment innovation, and programming strategy improvement of DBS, as well as the recognition and application of neural circuit markers. These studies not only significantly improve the efficacy of PD treatment, but also provide valuable ideas and scientific basis for the future development of neuromodulation technique.

Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder in clinical practice. Some patients' daily activities are affected because of the serious tremor. The current drug treatment for this disease is not effective, but the neuromodulation technique such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective. This article provides a review of the latest developments in neuromodulation for the treatment of ET, including clinical trails on magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), directional-DBS and percept -DBS, as well as the optimal stimulation targets for DBS, in order to provide a reference for the treatment of ET.

Dystonia is a group of movement disorders characterized by continuous or intermittent muscle contraction, causing abnormal movements and/or repetitive postures. It has the characteristics of diverse causes and complex clinical symptoms. As a reversible neurosurgical therapy, neuromodulation technique has achieved remarkable results in the clinical treatment of dystonia. This article reviews common neuromodulation technique in treatment of dystonia and looks forward to the technological innovation, multidisciplinary integration and clinical promotion prospects of neuromodulation, so as to provide a theoretical basis and new ideas for subsequent research and clinical application.

Traditional pharmacological treatments for rare movement disorders have limited efficacy. However, the emergence of neuromodulation technique such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) offers new hope for patients with rare movement disorders. This review systematically summarizes the application and efficacy of both invasived and non-invasived neuromodulation techniques in treating various rare movement disorders, including spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), Huntington's disease (HD), and neuroacanthocytosis (NA), etc.. The aim is to provide guidance for the application of neuromodulation technique in rare movement disorders.

Neuromodulation has emerged as a significant clinical treatment modality for patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDOC), encompassing both non-invasive and invasive neuromodulation techniques. This paper integrates an overview of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, neurofunctional assessments, and categorizes the current applications and recent research findings in non-invasive and invasive neuromodulation techniques. The aim is to enhance the scientific rigor and efficacy of neuromodulation, provide robust support for the treatment of pDOC.

Traditional treatment methods for mental disorders include pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. However, some patients are unable to effectively control their symptoms. Neuromodulation technique, which can be implemented through invasive or non-invasive approaches, have shown promise in improving the psychiatric symptoms of individuals with mental illnesses by intervening in neural circuits. This paper summarizes the current applications of neuromodulation technique for various mental disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, Tourette's syndrome, bipolar affective disorder, autism spectrum disorder, substance dependence and schizophrenia. Additionally, it analyzes the prospects and challenges of neuromodulation technique in the treatment of mental disorders, with the aim of guiding future neuromodulation therapy for mental disorders.

Central pain often arises as a sequela of lesions in the central somatosensory nervous system, and the intensity of pain is generally severe, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Conventional pharmacological therapies usually have limited efficacy. In recent years, neuromodulation technique mainly including spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and motor cortex stimulation (MCS), which have been widely applied in the treatment of central pain. This review provides an overview of the two techniques in terms of their principles, clinical applications and adverse effects, and analyze the future research directions, aiming to guide the application of neuromodulation technique in central pain.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a minimally invasive neuromodulation technique that has been widely applied and recognized for its efficacy in peripheral neuropathy such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), trigeminal neuralgia (TN), trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), chronic groin pain, and lumbosacral radiculopathy syndrome. This article reviews the basic principles of SCS and its latest applications in peripheral neuropathy to promote its clinical application in peripheral neuropathy.

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) as an advanced form of neuromodulation technique, which has demonstrated significant efficacy in alleviating clinical symptoms for patients with pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) who do not respond to conventional treatments. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application and progress of SNM in the treatment of PFD. It covers its historical development, mechanisms of action, clinical applications, optimization of stimulation parameters, and several technological innovations that have facilitated its clinical adoption. The aim is to promote wider clinical application of SNM and offer more precise treatment options for patients.

Post-stroke functional impairments place a significant psychological and economic burden on patients' families and society. Neuromodulation technique involves invasive or non-invasive methods to regulate neural system activity for the treatment or improvement of various neurological disorders or diseases. This article aims to review the mechanisms of different types of neuromodulation technique and their application in combination with rehabilitation therapies to improve stroke patient function, providing theoretical guidance for the application of neuromodulation technique in rehabilitation of stroke.