With the rapid development of society and economy and the acceleration of population aging, the global disease spectrum has undergone profound changes. Neurological diseases, especially brain functional disorders, have become major threats to human health. Neuromodulation technique, as a critical means to address this challenge, has opened new avenues for the treatment of brain functional disorders and has become one of the three innovative technologies in modern neurosurgery. This paper systematically elaborates on the concept, classification, and technological evolution of neuromodulation, focusing on the clinical application progress of invasive neuromodulation technique. It analyzes their efficacy and potential in the fields of movement disorders, epilepsy, pain, cognitive impairment, and neurorehabilitation. Additionally, it explores the integration trend between neuromodulation and brain-computer interface (BCI), pointing out that closed-loop neuromodulation has become an important component of BCI, providing new approaches for precise treatment and individualized modulation. Finally, it proposes future development directions in the field of neuromodulation, including expanding new indications, innovating target exploration models, updating treatment concepts, and conducting high-quality evidence-based medical research. Looking ahead, Chinese neuromodulation endeavors should seize current opportunities, achieve a leap from following to leading through continuous exploration and innovation, and make greater contributions to global brain health.

With its high positioning accuracy, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become an important means of non-invasive neuromodulation technique. This article analyzes the current status and challenges of precise positioning navigation technology, points out that the current navigation equipment is expensive and caliper-based simplified precision positioning method is difficult to monitor head movements in real time, and proposes the necessity of developing low-cost, high-precision navigation technology. Focus on the precise positioning technology of TMS and its application in clinical treatment and cognitive function positioning. Finally, the application prospects of precise positioning TMS in clinical treatment and cognitive function positioning are discussed, and it is pointed out that future research directions should focus on comparative studies of precise positioning and non - precise positioning treatment, as well as in - depth exploration of the precise positioning TMS treatment mechanism guided by fiber connections.

The rapid development of neurosurgery robots and navigation systems has significantly enhanced surgical precision and safety. Neurosurgery robots, based on stereotactic technology, achieve submillimeter-level positioning through multi-modal image fusion and non-invasive registration techniques. Equipped with high-degree-of-freedom robotic arms and integrated sensors, they precisely perform complex procedures such as stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode implantation, deep brain stimulation (DBS) device placement, and magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT). Navigation systems employ optical or electromagnetic tracking technologies combined with multi-modal imaging to assist surgeons in tracking important structures and target lesion tissue precisely. Future advancements may autonomously generate personalized surgical plans to reduce human error, while flexible robotic arms and novel endoscope-holding robots could expand endoscopic applications. Furthermore, the integration of multiple technologies will broaden neurosurgical applications. These innovations not only minimize complication risks and shorten treatment periods, but also propel the field toward intelligent, minimally invasive neurosurgery.

Traditional treatment methods for mental disorders include pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. However, some patients are unable to effectively control their symptoms. Neuromodulation technique, which can be implemented through invasive or non-invasive approaches, have shown promise in improving the psychiatric symptoms of individuals with mental illnesses by intervening in neural circuits. This paper summarizes the current applications of neuromodulation technique for various mental disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, Tourette's syndrome, bipolar affective disorder, autism spectrum disorder, substance dependence and schizophrenia. Additionally, it analyzes the prospects and challenges of neuromodulation technique in the treatment of mental disorders, with the aim of guiding future neuromodulation therapy for mental disorders.

As a mature neuromodulation technique, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been widely used in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the earliest indications for DBS and has received the most treatment so far. It has attracted extensive attention and in-depth research from the academic community for a long time, and has made remarkable progress in multiple fields. This review highlights the optimization of DBS for PD, focusing on two key directions: surgical technology innovation and neural circuit mechanism research. It explores the surgical technology innovation, equipment innovation, and programming strategy improvement of DBS, as well as the recognition and application of neural circuit markers. These studies not only significantly improve the efficacy of PD treatment, but also provide valuable ideas and scientific basis for the future development of neuromodulation technique.

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder that severely impacts the quality of life and social functioning. Approximately 1/3 of patients are diagnosed with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), for which conventional antiepileptic seizure medicine (ASM) and traditional surgery have limited efficacy. In recent years, responsive neurostimulation (RNS), as a closed-loop neuromodulation technique, has provided a novel treatment option for DRE. The RNS utilizes invasived electrodes to monitor brain activity in real time, detect seizure precursors, and deliver electrical stimulation, effectively reducing the frequency and severity of DRE. This paper aims to review the composition of the RNS, optimization and dyanmic adjustment of stimulation parameters, long-term data recording and analysis, fusion with machine learning, clinical efficacy, and comparison with vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). It also explores the technical challenges and discusses future development directions. RNS holds promise for providing personalized and precise treatment to more DRE and expanding its application to other neurological disorders.

Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder in clinical practice. Some patients' daily activities are affected because of the serious tremor. The current drug treatment for this disease is not effective, but the neuromodulation technique such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective. This article provides a review of the latest developments in neuromodulation for the treatment of ET, including clinical trails on magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), directional-DBS and percept -DBS, as well as the optimal stimulation targets for DBS, in order to provide a reference for the treatment of ET.

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) as an advanced form of neuromodulation technique, which has demonstrated significant efficacy in alleviating clinical symptoms for patients with pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) who do not respond to conventional treatments. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application and progress of SNM in the treatment of PFD. It covers its historical development, mechanisms of action, clinical applications, optimization of stimulation parameters, and several technological innovations that have facilitated its clinical adoption. The aim is to promote wider clinical application of SNM and offer more precise treatment options for patients.

Atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) is a common craniovertebral junction deformity that can result in severe neurological dysfunction. To better standardize the diagnosis and treatment of AAD, the Spine and Spinal Cord Group, Neurosurgical Branch, Chinese Medical Association, and the Chinese Craniovertebral Junction Malformation Research Alliance published the "Expert consensus on posterior facet distraction and fusion technique for the treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation (2024)" in August 2024. This consensus provides detailed recommendations regarding application range, preoperative evaluation, surgical techniques, and complication management for this procedure, aiming to offer practical guidance for its clinical application. The key points of the expert consensus are summarized and interpreted in this article, to provide reference for clinicians and researchers.

Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques have achieved remarkable advancements in the field of neuroscience in recent years, emerging as a crucial tool for researching and treating numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. The primary methods of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have increasingly been incorporated into clinical practice and demonstrated impressive outcomes in depression, anxiety, and chronic pain. However, the application of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques still encounter several challenges, such as significant individual response variations, limited duration of therapeutic effects, and issues with standardizing stimulation parameters. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the primary non-invasive neuromodulation techniques and their current applications in brain functional diseases, analyzes the efficacy evaluation and future development direction to provide reference for further exploring their expanded applications in brain functional diseases and neural functions.

Neuromodulation has emerged as a significant clinical treatment modality for patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDOC), encompassing both non-invasive and invasive neuromodulation techniques. This paper integrates an overview of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, neurofunctional assessments, and categorizes the current applications and recent research findings in non-invasive and invasive neuromodulation techniques. The aim is to enhance the scientific rigor and efficacy of neuromodulation, provide robust support for the treatment of pDOC.

Electroencephalography (EEG), which can intuitively monitor and record the discharge activities of neuronal groups in the brain, is a crucial scientific and clinical diagnostic technique in the field of neuroscience. EEG has been developed and innovated for nearly a century, and it offers advantages of non-invasiveness, convenience, real-time, and continuity. The rapid advancement and multidisciplinary integration of computer technology and other imaging techniques has led to the application of EEG technology in a wide range of areas, including epilepsy, sleep disorders, and critical care. The purpose of this article is to enhance clinical comprehension and implementation of EEG technology by reviewing its development history, clinical applications, and future prospects.

Objective: To investigate the value of ¹⁸F-FDG PET in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy with parkinsonism-predominant (MSA-P). Methods: Total 96 patients with PD and 52 patients with MSA-P from The First Hospital of Jilin University from May 2019 to December 2022 were included, and ¹⁸F-FDG PET data were collected from all patients and ¹⁸F-FDG PET data was analyzed using CortexID Suite software. The diagnostic and differential diagnostic efficacy of PD and MSA-P of ¹⁸F-FDG PET was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC). The Z-scores of 26 brain regions were obtained, and the brain glucose metabolism patterns of patients with PD and MSA-P were finally obtained by comparing with the normal control database. The consistency between ¹⁸F-FDG PET and "gold standard" diagnosis was evaluated using the Kappa test. Results: 1) Metabolic pattern: compared with the normal control database, the PD group showed significantly hypermetabolism in pons (t=2.851, P=0.005), cerebellum (t=2.295, P=0.024) and mesial temporal (t=5.850, P=0.000), and significantly hypometabolism in lateral occipital (t=-7.116, P=0.000), superior parietal (t=-13.466, P=0.000), inferior parietal (t=-21.838, P=0.000), precuneus (t=-7.121, P=0.000), sensorimotor (t=-6.931, P=0.000) and lateral prefrontal (t=-6.778, P=0.000); while the MSA-P group showed significant hypometabolism in pons (t=-8.364, P=0.000), cerebellum (t=-9.900, P=0.000), superior parietal (t=-4.830, P=0.000) and inferior parietal (t=-11.287, P=0.000), and hypermetabolism in the primary visual (t=5.579, P=0.000). 2) Diagnosis and differential diagnosis: compared with the MSA-P group, the PD group had lower Z-score in sensorimotor (t=-0.646, P=0.008), precuneus (t=-4.516, P=0.000), superior parietal (t=-4.611, P=0.000), inferior parietal (t=-5.903, P=0.000), lateral occipital (t=-5.088, P=0.000) and primary visual (t=-3.218, P=0.002), while the Z-scores in mesial temporal (t=3.718, P=0.002), cerebellum (t=9.880, P=0.000) and pons (t=9.520, P=0.000) were higher. The ROC curve was drew for the differential diagnostic efficacy of ¹⁸F-FDG PET through the six brain regions with statistical difference and P=0.000 between the 2 groups, the result showed that the AUC of cerebellum (Z=3.595, P=0.000; Z=2.942, P=0.003; Z=2.942, P=0.003; Z=3.519, P=0.000), pons (Z=3.363, P=0.001; Z=3.237, P=0.000; Z=2.376, P=0.018; Z=3.012, P=0.003) and the combination of the six brain regions (Z=4.354, P=0.000; Z=4.242, P=0.000; Z=3.711, P=0.000; Z=4.233, P=0.000) were bigger than the AUC of precuneus, superior parietal, inferior parietal and lateral occipital; the AUC of the combination of the six brain regions was bigger than pons (Z=1.986, P=0.047). Kappa test indicated that the diagnosis of the ¹⁸F-FDG PET had good agreement with the diagnosis of the "gold standard" in the two diseases (κ=0.678, P=0.000, for all). Conclusions: The characteristic brain glucose metabolism patterns of PD and MSA-P can be obtained by ¹⁸F-FDG PET. ¹⁸F-FDG PET has good diagnostic and differential diagnostic efficacy for PD and MSA-P.

Dystonia is a group of movement disorders characterized by continuous or intermittent muscle contraction, causing abnormal movements and/or repetitive postures. It has the characteristics of diverse causes and complex clinical symptoms. As a reversible neurosurgical therapy, neuromodulation technique has achieved remarkable results in the clinical treatment of dystonia. This article reviews common neuromodulation technique in treatment of dystonia and looks forward to the technological innovation, multidisciplinary integration and clinical promotion prospects of neuromodulation, so as to provide a theoretical basis and new ideas for subsequent research and clinical application.

The high heterogeneity and resistance of glioma present significant challenges in clinical treatment. The rapid development of multi-omics technologies has greatly advanced the understanding of the molecular mechanisms, resistance characteristics, and potential new drug targets in glioma. Building on this, multi-omics data is now being used for drug screening, mechanism exploration, and clinical trial guidance, thereby accelerating the translation of novel therapies and precision medicine strategies into clinical applications for the treatment of glioma. This review focuses on the latest advancements in the application of multi-omics technologies in glioma drug research and development, highlighting how insights into genetic mutations, gene expression, protein functions, and metabolic reprogramming can aid in understanding the molecular mechanisms, resistance, and complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, it provides critical support for the identification of new drug targets, the development of personalized treatment plans, and drug screening, thus advancing the field of personalized and precision medicine in the treatment of glioma.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe central nervous system disease. Serious complications can occur as a result of loss of sensory and motor functions below the injury level and a consistent hostile response in the injury region. The quality of life is decreased and the prognosis is poor. Therefore, a functional restoration is essential for better outcomes. Restoration of the anatomical structure and microenvironment of the damaged region can be obtained by molecular drug modulation, neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, stem cell therapy, and biomaterial-based tissue engineering. Functional restoration can be achieved by boosting neuroplasticity with activity-based therapy or electrical stimulation, or by implanting interfaces that allowed accessibility to interactive devices. Combined therapy showed potentially better outcomes.

In 2024, significant advancements were made in the diagnosis, treatment, and research of glioma in China, reflecting a comprehensive innovation in basic research, diagnostic technologies, surgical techniques, targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and integrated management. This development showcases China's increasing capabilities in translating basic research into clinical applications, advancing the precision and intelligence of glioma care. Key achievements include the major academic organizations had played pivotal roles in glioma research and clinical practice. Notably, the establishment of the Glioma MDT Specialist Alliance under the National Center for Neurological Disorders had enhanced resource integration, promoted multidisciplinary collaboration, and accelerated knowledge sharing and clinical translation. The approval of mesenchymal - epithelial transition (MET) inhibitors for glioma harboring the PTPRZ1-MET fusion gene marked a milestone in precision oncology. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely adopted in glioma research. Breakthroughs in rapid intraoperative molecular diagnostics, combined with AI-powered imaging analysis and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), were poised to revolutionize precision diagnosis and treatment. These developments underscore China's growing leadership in integrating cutting-edge technologies to address complex challenges in neuro-oncology.

Objective: To explore endovascular treatment for patients with blood blister-like aneurysms (BBA) of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Methods and Results: A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 25 patients with BBA of ICA admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2018 to January 2022 were conducted. All of them accepted endovascular treatment: 17 cases were treated with single-stent-assisted embolization, including 14 cases using Lvis stents and 3 cases using Enterprise stents; 4 cases were treated with double-stent-assisted embolization, all using Lvis stents; one case was treated with overlapping stent implantation, including 2 Lvis stents and one Enterprise stent; one case was treated with balloon-assisted embolization, and 2 cases were treated with Tubridge flow diverter. No aneurysm rupture occurred during the surgery. One patient had intra-stent thrombosis during the procedure, while other 24 patients showed smooth blood flow on postoperative immediate DSA. The Raymond classification showed that among the patients, there were 17 cases of grade Ⅰ occlusion, 3 cases of grade Ⅱ occlusion, and 5 cases of grade Ⅲ occlusion. Postoperative complications included cerebral infarction (2 cases), cerebral vasospasm due to subarachnoid hemorrhage (one case), and hydrocephalus (2 cases). Six patients had aneurysm recurrence postoperatively (3 cases using a single Enterprise stent, one case using 2 Lvis stents, one case using Tubridge flow diverter, and one case using a balloon-assisted embolization), among whom 5 patients underwent repeat stent-assisted embolization treatment. And one patient still had recurrence after treatment but achieved cure by adjusting antiplatelet therapy regimen; one patient recovered by adjusting antiplatelet therapy regimen. At 12 months after surgery, the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were as follows: 0 in 15 cases, 1 in 6 cases, 2 in 3 cases, and 6 in one case. The disability rate was 12% (3/25), and the mortality rate was 4% (1/25). Conclusions: The degree of immediate postoperative occlusion is crucial for preventing aneurysm recurrence postoperatively. For recurrent BBA of ICA, adjustment of antiplatelet therapy should be considered first.

Intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) is a low-cost, portable and user-friendly auxiliary tool in brain tumor surgery, yet there is a lack of standardized operational guidelines. This review begins with the ultrasound physics and summarizes the workflow of iUS, followed by a grading system for ultrasonographic visibility of intracerebral lesions, iUS in assessing brain tumor resection, the limitations of iUS-guided brain tumor resection, multimodal ultrasound imaging, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in iUS. This review shows the clinical practice of iUS in brain tumor surgery from multiple perspectives and proposes practical standards.

Post-stroke functional impairments place a significant psychological and economic burden on patients' families and society. Neuromodulation technique involves invasive or non-invasive methods to regulate neural system activity for the treatment or improvement of various neurological disorders or diseases. This article aims to review the mechanisms of different types of neuromodulation technique and their application in combination with rehabilitation therapies to improve stroke patient function, providing theoretical guidance for the application of neuromodulation technique in rehabilitation of stroke.

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is one of the severe complications of ischemic stroke, which may occur either during the natural course or as a consequence of treatments such as thrombolysis and thrombectomy. HT is associated with poor prognosis after ischemic stroke and influences clinical treatment decisions. Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been demonstrated as the main mechanism underlying HT. Inflammatory responses contribute to this process by activating endothelial cells, recruiting immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, and releasing inflammatory mediators including proteases and reactive oxygen species, which further exacerbate vascular injury and BBB permeability, thereby promoting HT. Blood inflammatory markers may reflect these pathological processes and offer valuable biological information for early identification and risk stratification of HT. Classical inflammatory markers, such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and ferritin, have been demonstrated predictive value for HT. Recently increasing attention has been paid to investigate the mechanism and predictive potential of novel markers, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, for predicting HT. This review focuses on the novel blood inflammatory markers and systematically describes their correlation with HT, with the aim of providing a scientific basis for the mechanism investigation, accurate prediction and individualized therapeutic strategies of HT.

Objective: To explore the influencing factors for subcutaneous effusion (SCE) after cranioplasty. Methods: Total of 111 patients with skull defect who underwent cranioplasty from January 2019 to June 2024 in Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. All the patients were devided into SCE group (n = 29) and non-SCE group (n = 82) according to whether they had SCE after cranioplasty. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were applied to explore the influencing factors for SCE after cranioplasty. Results: Among 111 patients, 29 had SCE after cranioplasty, with an incidence of 26.13%. All the 29 patients recovered and there was no bleeding, scalp damage, implant exposure, poor wound healing and intracranial infection after the treatment. Logistic regression analysis showed that age increase (OR = 1.075, 95%CI: 1.027-1.126; P = 0.002), polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) repair material (OR = 7.673, 95%CI: 2.227-26.435; P = 0.001) and 24 h drainage increase before drain removal (OR = 1.026, 95%CI: 1.008-1.044; P = 0.004) were risk factors for SCE after cranioplasty. Conclusions: Age increase, PEEK repair material and 24 h drainage increase before drain removal were risk factors for SCE after cranioplasty. Timely and effective interventions should be taken according to individual condition.

The application and development of digital intelligence technology in the field of neuroscience have provided powerful tools for fundamental research on brain functions, as well as for the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of neurological disorders. This article reviews the latest advancements in the application of digital intelligence technology in basic brain function research, neurosurgery, neurology and neurorehabilitation, while also addressing the challenges and future development trends in the field. The aim is to provide new insights for the advancement of digital intelligence technology in neurology.

High performance computing (HPC) is transforming the field of large-scale brain simulation by enabling the integration of multi-scale computational modeling with massive neuroscience data. With advanced HPC resources, researchers can simulate neural activities from ion-channel dynamics to whole-brain network interactions, thereby illuminating the mechanisms underlying cognition, neural disorders, and emerging neuromorphic intelligence. This review examines the theoretical principles and technical foundations of supercomputer brain simulation, including distributed parallel algorithms, graphics processing unit (GPU)-based acceleration, and multimodal data management. It also surveys prominent simulation platforms such as NEST, NEURON, and The Virtual Brain (TVB), highlighting their strengths in modeling spiking neuronal network (SNN), multicompartmental neurons, and large-scale functional connectivity, respectively. Furthermore, we discuss the practical applications of these simulations in elucidating disease mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and epilepsy. Special emphasis is placed on how supercomputer brain simulation assists in virtual drug screening, optimizing deep brain stimulation parameters, and supporting digital twin approaches for personalized medicine. Finally, we address the critical challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving domain, including the trade-off between computational cost and biological realism, data integration and validation, and the necessity for interdisciplinary collaboration. The advent of exascale supercomputers and the convergence of neuroinformatics and machine learning (ML) are poised to propel brain simulation research toward unprecedented clinical and scientific breakthroughs.

Functional tic-like behaviors (FTLBs) is a kind of rare clinical phenotype of functional neurological disorder (FND), its etiology and pathogenesis have not been fully defined, and the clinical understanding of it is not comprehensive. This paper systematically reviews the relevant studies of FTLBs in recent years, and analyzes and summarizes its clinical characteristics, influencing factors, comorbidities, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, aiming to provide theoretical reference for the subsequent diagnosis and treatment of FTLBs.

Objective: In this study, a novel sliding-traction head holder was independently loped, and its pplication icacy in surger es for cr niovertebral junc ion abnorma ties was evaluated. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 20 patients with congenital basilar invagination diagnosed and treated at Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University from May 2022 to May 2024. Basilar invagination was classified into type Goel A patients (n=12) and type Goel B patients (n=8) according to the presence or absence of atlantoaxial dislocation. All patients underwent posterior facet distraction and fusion (PFDF) under traction of the novel sliding-traction head holder. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications were recorded. The imaging indexes (atlanto-dental interval, the distance from the odontoid tip to Chamberlain's line, clivus-pivot angle, and medulla oblongata-spinal cord angle) were recorded. The function impairment was assessed by Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA). Results: Compared with preoperatively, the clivus-pivot angle (t=-3.499, P=0.006; t=-4.249, P=0.004) and the medulla oblongata-spinal cord angle (t=-6.480, P=0.000; t=-6.134, P=0.000) were significantly increased in type Goel A and type Goel B patients, the atlanto-dental interval (Z=-3.018, P=0.003) in type Goel A patients and the distance from the odontoid tip to Chamberlain's line (Z=-2.485, P=0.013; Z=-1.995, P=0.050) in type Goel A and type Goel B patients were significantly reduced. All patients showed significant improvement in JOA score (Z=-4.389, P=0.000). At one week and 3 months after surgery, there was no implant displacement in the craniocervical junction reconstructed by MRI and CT, and no serious complications such as aggravated neurological dysfunction, secondary revision and postoperative infection occurred. Conclusions: The application of the sliding-traction head holder in surgery for the cranio-cervical junction area exhibits high safety and effectiveness. The stability of the head and the precise adjustment of traction force during the operation can reduce the risk of complications. Demonstrating significant therapeutic effects in the surgical treatment of patients with congenital basilar invagination.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a minimally invasive neuromodulation technique that has been widely applied and recognized for its efficacy in peripheral neuropathy such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), trigeminal neuralgia (TN), trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), chronic groin pain, and lumbosacral radiculopathy syndrome. This article reviews the basic principles of SCS and its latest applications in peripheral neuropathy to promote its clinical application in peripheral neuropathy.

Cerebral venous system diseases can lead to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and pulsatile tinnitus (PT), and accurate evaluation of cerebral venous sinus hemodynamics is very important for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. In recent years, with the rapid development of hemodynamics research software and brain imaging technology, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 4D Flow MRI, vitro simulation and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) provide a multi-dimensional tool for the study of hemodynamics. In this paper, we will comprehensively introduce the research progress of above methods in the field of cerebral venous sinus hemodynamics, and provide innovative solutions for subsequent research of cerebral venous system diseases.

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a major cause of stroke and dementia, with its treatment paradigm shifting from conventional risk factor management to targeted pathophysiological interventions. This article reviews the current landscape and key challenges in CSVD treatment research, focusing on patient selection, optimization of study endpoints, and development of targeted therapeutic strategies. Additionally, it explores the FINESSE framework, which aims to refine CSVD clinical trial design and accelerate advancements in treatment.

Objective: To explore the efficacy and prognosis of endovascular treatment for severe cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), providing new insights for the treatment of CVST. Methods: The clinical course of 31 severe CVST patients admitted to The First Hospital of China Medical University and Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from October 2017 to December 2024 was analyzed retrospectively. The condition of venous sinus recanalization was assessed through immediately postoperative DSA examination, and the prognosis was evaluated based on criteria such as perioperative complication rate, mortality rate during follow‐up, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at the last follow‐ up. Results: A combination of multiple endovascular treatment techniques was used. Immediately after the operation, 7 patients (22.58%) achieved complete recanalization of the venous sinus and 24 patients (77.42%) achieved partial recanalization. The incidence of perioperative complication rate was 6.45% (2/31), and there was no new cerebral infarction. The average follow ‐ up period was (6.60 ± 3.40) months. No deaths were reported during the follow ‐ up period. At the last follow ‐ up, 28 patients (90.32%) had a good prognosis (mRS score ≤ 2). Conclusions: Endovascular treatment can effectively reduce the mortality rate and improve the prognosis of patients with severe CVST, but individualized assessment is required, and indications must be strictly controlled.

Neurosurgery is entering an era of intelligent and personalized precision. The new generation of neurosurgeons needs not only superb surgical skills, but also the ability to master computer technology, imaging technology and neuromodulation. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in neurosurgery includes machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) and large language model (LLM). This article introduces specific cases in neurological tumors, spinal diseases, epilepsy and cerebrovascular diseases. Digit-intelligent neurosurgery focuses on the deep integration of digitalization and intelligentization in the field of neurosurgery. Digit-intelligent neurosurgery should establish a technical system of intelligent perception, intelligent cognition, intelligent decision-making and intelligent operation. With the deep integration of digitalization and intelligentization, neurosurgery will usher in unprecedented technological changes.

Objective: To summarize the clinical, electrophysiological and genetic characteristics of a pedigree with myotonic dystrophy (DM). Methods and Results: The 25-year-old male proband exhibited an occult onset, characterized by a distinctive "hatchet face" and alopecia, limb muscle weakness, amyotrophy, and damages of various systems, including the endocrine system and heart damage. Notably, the third aunt, the fourth uncle and the first brother of proband also exhibited similar clinical symptoms. Gene detection revealed both the proband, his aunt and his cousin had CTG repeats exceeding 100 times in the DMPK gene. Electromyography (EMG) studies conducted on the proband, his aunt and his cousin showed the coexistence of myotonic potential and myogenic damage. In the proband, the amplitude of the motor nerve conduction velocity of the left common peroneal nerve was decreased with a slight reduction in velocity, while the sensory nerve conduction velocity was also slowed. The proband, his aunt and his cousin were diagnosed with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (MD1). It was evident that the pedigree has myotonic dystrophy. Conclusions: Myotonic dystrophy is a rare autosomal dominant inheritance disorder characterized by myasthenia, myotonia and amyotrophy, which affects multiple systems. The clinical manifestations of this disease are diverse and relatively uncommon. In clinical practice, it is crucial to pay attention to the patient's family history, clinical signs and electrophysiological data, with particular emphasis on the identification of myotonic potential. Gene detection is of great significance for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy.

Objective: To summarize the clinical experience of supratentorial tumor resection using a wireless head - mounted display (HMD) - based holographic mixed reality navigation system (MRN). Methods: A analysis was performed on 5 patients undergoing supratentorial tumor resection using holographic MRN at Zhuhai People's Hospital from March to September 2024. Preoperative imaging data were imported into 3D Slicer software to generate holograms of lesions, anatomical landmarks, and adjacent structures, which were subsequently integrated into the holographic MRN and projected onto the patient's head for preoperative incision planning and intraoperative tumor resection guidance. The convenience and stability of holographic MRN were evaluated by assessing navigation registration time, navigation application time, and registration attempts. Accuracy, efficacy, and safety of holographic MRN were analyzed through evaluation of bone window extent, tumor - to - surrounding structure relationships, modeling time tumor localization, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scores, and surgical indicators. Results: Preoperative modeling was all successfully completed, with an average modeling time (25.20 ± 1.60) min, and average registration time (3.20 ± 0.05) min. The mean preoperative and intraoperative navigation application times were (12.74 ± 1.09) and (8.17 ± 0.81) min, respectively. All registrations were successful on the first attempt. All lesions were entirely within the planned bone window boundaries, with no under - or over - exposure. Holographic projections of tumors fully overlapped with actual intraoperative lesions. All 5 cases achieved Simpson grade Ⅰ resection. The average KPS score at 72 h after surgery was 94.00 ± 4.90. Conclusions: This study confirms the convenience, stability, accuracy, efficacy, and safety of holographic MRN in clinical practice, demonstrating its value as an adjunctive tool for supratentorial tumor craniotomy.

The pathogenesis of Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) remains unclear. Current theories suggest that viral infection, antibody-mediated humoral immune mechanisms, T lymphocytes mediated cellular immunity, and microglia mediated neurodegeneration may all be involved in disease onset and progression. In the early stage of disease, immunotherapy targeting induced by T lymphocytes and microglia could slow down disease progression of some patients. This review summarizes the latest research on the main pathogenic hypotheses and treatment strategies for RE, aiming to enhance clinical understanding of the disease and provide guidance for therapeutic interventions.

Central pain often arises as a sequela of lesions in the central somatosensory nervous system, and the intensity of pain is generally severe, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Conventional pharmacological therapies usually have limited efficacy. In recent years, neuromodulation technique mainly including spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and motor cortex stimulation (MCS), which have been widely applied in the treatment of central pain. This review provides an overview of the two techniques in terms of their principles, clinical applications and adverse effects, and analyze the future research directions, aiming to guide the application of neuromodulation technique in central pain.

Traditional pharmacological treatments for rare movement disorders have limited efficacy. However, the emergence of neuromodulation technique such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) offers new hope for patients with rare movement disorders. This review systematically summarizes the application and efficacy of both invasived and non-invasived neuromodulation techniques in treating various rare movement disorders, including spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), Huntington's disease (HD), and neuroacanthocytosis (NA), etc.. The aim is to provide guidance for the application of neuromodulation technique in rare movement disorders.

Severe cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is associated with serious clinical manifestations and poor prognosis, and current therapeutic strategies fail to substantially improve outcomes, necessitating exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. The latest studies have shown that inflammation is closely associated with the severity and poor prognosis of severe CVT, and anti?inflammatory therapy may be a very promising treatment. Despite ongoing debate regarding the role of glucocorticoids in severe CVT, recent studies indicate that short? term glucocorticoids pulse therapy may be a safe and effective intervention in acute/subacute severe CVT, which are likely due to suppression of the inflammatory response. This paper focuses on the latest research progress of glucocorticoids therapy for severe CVT, and points out that anti?inflammatory therapy targeting inflammation has great research potential in improving the prognosis of severe CVT. We wish to provide a novel, accessible, effective and safe anti? inflammatory therapy for patients with severe CVT.

Objective: To develop a dual-layer feature distillation multiple instance learning (DLFD- MIL) model integrating MRI and whole slide image (WSI) features for precise prediction of IDH1 mutation, 1p/19q codeletion, and World Health Organization (WHO) grading in adult-type diffuse gliomas. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 212 adult-type diffuse gliomas patients from Huashan Hospital, Fudan University (January 2021 to June 2024) and 42 cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were included. Preoperative T₂-FLAIR and postoperative WSI data were jointly analyzed. The DLFD-MIL model addressed the lack of instance - level labels in weakly supervised WSI learning via a pseudo - bag generation strategy. Multimodal feature fusion was achieved through Concat. Diagnostic performance for molecular subtyping and WHO grading was evaluated by comparing area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve between single - mode (WSI or MRI) and multi - mode. Results: In the IDH1 mutation prediction task, AUC of the multi - mode feature fusion model surpassed single - mode WSI model (Z = 2.752, P = 0.006) and single-mode T₂ -FLAIR model (Z = 5.662, P = 0.000). In the 1p/19q codeletion prediction task, no statistically significant differences in AUC were observed between the multi-mode feature fusion model and either single-mode WSI model (Z = - 0.245, P = 0.806) or T₂-FLAIR model (Z = 0.781, P = 0.435). In the WHO grading prediction task, the multi - mode feature fusion model showed no significant differences in AUC compared to single - mode WSI model (Z = 1.739, P = 0.082), however its AUC was significantly higher than single -mode T₂ -FLAIR model (Z = 4.830, P = 0.000). Conclusions: Multi-mode fusion of macro - and micro - imaging features improves prediction accuracy for IDH1 genotyping and WHO grading in gliomas, providing a reliable artificial intelligence (AI) decision - support tool for personalized clinical management.

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a relatively uncommon but serious cerebrovascular disease. Anticoagulation therapy is the preferred treatment. In recent years, significant progress has been made in venous sinus mechanical thrombectomy. However, there is no consensus on mechanical thrombectomy in clinical practice. Issues such as how to bridge thrombectomy with anticoagulation therapy, the definition of severe CVT, and the determination of the mechanical thrombectomy "time window" need further exploration. This paper reviews the progress on anticoagulantion therapy and mechanical thrombectomy for CVT in recent years, and introduces the concept of the "time window" for mechanical thrombectomy, with the aim of providing some inspiration for future clinical research and practice.