Progress on non-invasive electrical and magnetic neuromodulation therapy for cognitive impairment in posttraumatic stress disorder

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2026.01.005

Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery ›› 2026, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (1): 30-39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2026.01.005

• Advances in Neuromodulation: Theory and Clinical Translation • Previous Articles Next Articles

Progress on non-invasive electrical and magnetic neuromodulation therapy for cognitive impairment in posttraumatic stress disorder

Zhuo JIN¹, Xiao-xin REN², Hao-ting WANG¹, Yi-jing QIAO¹, Yu-chao ZHAO¹, Chen-guang ZHENG¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,*()

1. School of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2. Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
3. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin 300072, China
4. Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration, Tianjin 300072, China

Received:2025-11-13 Online:2026-01-25 Published:2026-01-29
Contact: Chen-guang ZHENG
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFF1206500); the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82271218); the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Excellent Young Scientists(T2322021); Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Plan Project(25JCJQJC00290)

非侵入性电磁神经调控治疗创伤后应激障碍认知损害研究进展

靳卓¹, 任小欣², 王浩婷¹, 乔羿静¹, 赵玉超¹, 郑晨光¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,*()

1. 300072 天津大学医学院
2. 300072 天津大学医学工程与转化医学研究院
3. 300072 天津市脑科学与神经工程重点实验室
4. 300072 天津，脑机交互与人机共融海河实验室

通讯作者: 郑晨光
作者简介:
靳卓与任小欣对本文有同等贡献

JIN Zhuo and REN Xiao-xin contributed equally to the article
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFF1206500); 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82271218); 国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金资助项目(T2322021); 天津市科技计划项目(25JCJQJC00290)

Abstract

Abstract:

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe mental disorder triggered by traumatic events. Its core clinical symptoms include intrusive memories, avoidance behaviors, negative alterations in mood and cognitive disorder, and hyperarousal. These symptoms are closely associated with aberrant neural circuitry involving the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. However, current pharmacological and psychological interventions are constrained by limited efficacy, poor compliance, and undesirable side effects. Given the high safety, strong reproducibility, and high patient acceptance, non-invasive electrical and magnetic neuromodulation techniques have emerged as a research focus for improving cognitive impairment in PTSD. This paper reviews the advancements in applying transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to alleviate cognitive impairment in PTSD, and discusses the potential value of their combined use with psychological therapies. It aims to provide new perspectives for the clinical application of neuromodulation technique in treating cognitive impairment in PTSD.

Key words: Stress disorders, post-traumatic, Cognition disorders, Electric stimulation therapy, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Review

摘要：

创伤后应激障碍是严重创伤性事件引起的精神障碍，主要临床症状包括侵入性回忆、回避行为、认知功能和情绪障碍、过度警觉，与包括杏仁核、海马和前额叶在内的脑网络异常模式密切相关。目前尚无有效治疗方法，药物治疗和心理疗法效果有限，患者依从性差，且常伴不良反应或症状残留。非侵入性电磁神经调控技术因安全性高、可重复性强、患者接受度高等优势，成为改善创伤后应激障碍认知损害的研究热点。本文综述经颅电刺激和经颅磁刺激在创伤后应激障碍认知损害中的应用进展，总结其与心理疗法联合应用的潜在价值，以期为神经调控用于创伤后应激障碍认知损害的临床治疗提供新的思路。

关键词: 应激障碍, 创伤后, 认知障碍, 电刺激疗法, 经颅磁刺激, 综述

CLC Number:

R741
R651

Zhuo JIN, Xiao-xin REN, Hao-ting WANG, Yi-jing QIAO, Yu-chao ZHAO, Chen-guang ZHENG. Progress on non-invasive electrical and magnetic neuromodulation therapy for cognitive impairment in posttraumatic stress disorder[J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 30-39.

靳卓, 任小欣, 王浩婷, 乔羿静, 赵玉超, 郑晨光. 非侵入性电磁神经调控治疗创伤后应激障碍认知损害研究进展[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2026, 26(1): 30-39.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

URL: https://journal11.magtechjournal.com/cjcnn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2026.01.005

https://journal11.magtechjournal.com/cjcnn/EN/Y2026/V26/I1/30

Figures/Tables 3

References 86

1	Maercker A , Cloitre M , Bachem R , Schlumpf YR , Khoury B , Hitchcock C , Bohus M . Complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Lancet, 2022, 400: 60- 72. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00821-2
2	Jovanovic T , Ressler KJ . How the neurocircuitry and genetics of fear inhibition may inform our understanding of PTSD. Am J Psychiatry, 2010, 167: 648- 662. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09071074
3	Bäärnhielm S , Ramel B , Theunis E , Mijaljica G , Dyster-Aas J , K Arnberg F . Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD): a clinical update of knowledge. Lakartidningen, 2024, 121: 23090.
4	Qi AY , Xi HQ . Epidemiological characteristics and treatment research progress of post-traumatic stress disorder. Chuang Shang Yu Ji Wei Zhong Bing Yi Xue, 2023, 11: 423- 426.
	祁爱英, 郗洪庆. 创伤后应激障碍流行病学特征及治疗研究进展. 创伤与急危重病医学, 2023, 11: 423- 426.
5	Bisson JI , Cosgrove S , Lewis C , Robert NP . Post-traumatic stress disorder. BMJ, 2015, 351: h6161.
6	Lawrence KA , Garcia-Willingham NE , Slade E , DeBeer BB , Meyer EC , Morissette SB . Associations among PTSD, cognitive functioning, and health-promoting behavior in post-9/11 veterans. Mil Med, 2023, 188 (7/8): e2284- e2291.
7	Phelps AJ , Lethbridge R , Brennan S , Bryant RA , Burns P , Cooper JA , Forbes D , Gardiner J , Gee G , Jones K , Kenardy J , Kulkarni J , McDermott B , McFarlane AC , Newman L , Varker T , Worth C , Silove D . Australian guidelines for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: updates in the third edition. Aust NZJ Psychiatry, 2022, 56: 230- 247. doi: 10.1177/00048674211041917
8	Penix-Smith EA, Swift JK. The protocol matters: a meta-analysis of psychotherapy dropout from specific PTSD treatment approaches in U. S. service members and veterans[J]. Psychol Trauma, 2025. [Epub ahead of print]
9	Bradley R , Greene J , Russ E , Dutra L , Westen D . A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. Am J Psychiatry, 2005, 162: 214- 227. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214
10	Weil MP , Katz M , Hilsenroth MJ . Patient and therapist perspectives during the psychotherapy termination process: the role of participation and exploration. Psychodyn Psychiatry, 2017, 45: 23- 43. doi: 10.1521/pdps.2017.45.1.23
11	Thakur A , Choudhary D , Kumar B , Chaudhary A . A review on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): symptoms, therapies and recent case studies. Curr Mol Pharmacol, 2022, 15: 502- 516. doi: 10.2174/1874467214666210525160944
12	Zhang JG , Xie HT , Yang AC . Neuromodulation: clinical advances and future perspectives. Zhongguo Xian Dai Shen Jing Ji Bing Za Zhi, 2025, 25: 1- 10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2025.01.001
	张建国, 解虎涛, 杨岸超. 神经调控技术临床应用进展与展望. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2025, 25: 1- 10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2025.01.001
13	Rauch SL , Shin LM , Phelps EA . Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction. Human neuroimaging research: past, present, and future. Biol Psychiatry, 2006, 60: 376- 382. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.004
14	Buzsáki G , Draguhn A . Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science, 2004, 304: 1926- 1929. doi: 10.1126/science.1099745
15	Nissim NR , Pham DVH , Poddar T , Blutt E , Hamilton RH . The impact of gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cognitive and memory processes in patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease: a literature review. Brain Stimul, 2023, 16: 748- 755. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.04.001
16	Lowet E , Sheehan DJ , Chialva U , De Oliveira Pena R , Mount RA , Xiao S , Zhou SL , Tseng HA , Gritton H , Shroff S , Kondabolu K , Cheung C , Wang Y , Piatkevich KD , Boyden ES , Mertz J , Hasselmo ME , Rotstein HG , Han X . Theta and gamma rhythmic coding through two spike output modes in the hippocampus during spatial navigation. Cell Rep, 2023, 42: 112906. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112906
17	Legaz A , Prado P , Moguilner S , Báez S , Santamaría-García H , Birba A , Barttfeld P , García AM , Fittipaldi S , Ibañez A . Social and non-social working memory in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis, 2023, 183: 106171. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106171
18	De Paolis ML , Paoletti I , Zaccone C , Capone F , D'Amelio M , Krashia P . Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at gamma frequency: an up-and-coming tool to modify the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener, 2024, 13: 33. doi: 10.1186/s40035-024-00423-y
19	Abatis M , Perin R , Niu R , van den Burg E , Hegoburu C , Kim R , Okamura M , Bito H , Markram H , Stoop R . Fear learning induces synaptic potentiation between engram neurons in the rat lateral amygdala. Nat Neurosci, 2024, 27: 1309- 1317. doi: 10.1038/s41593-024-01676-6
20	Chou T , Deckersbach T , Guerin B , Sretavan Wong K , Borron BM , Kanabar A , Hayden AN , Long MP , Daneshzand M , Pace-Schott EF , Dougherty DD . Transcranial focused ultrasound of the amygdala modulates fear network activation and connectivity. Brain Stimul, 2024, 17: 312- 320. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.03.004
21	Cattani A , Arnold DB , McCarthy M , Kopell N . Basolateral amygdala oscillations enable fear learning in a biophysical model. Elife, 2024, 12: RP89519. doi: 10.7554/eLife.89519.4
22	Klavir O , Genud-Gabai R , Paz R . Low-frequency stimulation depresses the primate anterior-cingulate-cortex and prevents spontaneous recovery of aversive memories. J Neurosci, 2012, 32: 8589- 8597. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6481-11.2012
23	Davis P , Zaki Y , Maguire J , Reijmers LG . Cellular and oscillatory substrates of fear extinction learning. Nat Neurosci, 2017, 20: 1624- 1633. doi: 10.1038/nn.4651
24	Corcoran KA , Desmond TJ , Frey KA , Maren S . Hippocampal inactivation disrupts the acquisition and contextual encoding of fear extinction. J Neurosci, 2005, 25: 8978- 8987. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2246-05.2005
25	Du Y , Li Y , Zhao X , Yao Y , Wang B , Zhang L , Wang G . Psilocybin facilitates fear extinction in mice by promoting hippocampal neuroplasticity. Chin Med J (Engl), 2023, 136: 2983- 2992. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002647
26	Chaposhloo M , Nicholson AA , Becker S , McKinnon MC , Lanius R , Shaw SB , Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative . Altered resting-state functional connectivity in the anterior and posterior hippocampus in post-traumatic stress disorder: the central role of the anterior hippocampus. Neuroimage Clin, 2023, 38: 103417. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103417
27	Song J . Amygdala activity and amygdala-hippocampus connectivity: metabolic diseases, dementia, and neuropsychiatric issues. Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, 162: 114647. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114647
28	McDonald MA , Meckes SJ , Shires J , Berryhill ME , Lancaster CL . Augmenting virtual reality exposure therapy for social and intergroup anxiety with transcranial direct current stimulation. J ECT, 2024, 40: 51- 60. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000967
29	Barbas H . Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition, memory, and emotion in primate prefrontal cortices. Brain Res Bull, 2000, 52: 319- 330. doi: 10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00245-2
30	Alexandra Kredlow M , Fenster RJ , Laurent ES , Ressler KJ , Phelps EA . Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2022, 47: 247- 259. doi: 10.1038/s41386-021-01155-7
31	Mahan AL , Ressler KJ . Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala: implications for posttraumatic stress disorder. Trends Neurosci, 2012, 35: 24- 35. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.06.007
32	Krause MR , Vieira PG , Thivierge JP , Pack CC . Brain stimulation competes with ongoing oscillations for control of spike timing in the primate brain. PLoS Biol, 2022, 20: e3001650. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001650
33	Potok W , Post A , Beliaeva V , Bächinger M , Cassarà AM , Neufeld E , Polania R , Kiper D , Wenderoth N . Modulation of visual contrast sensitivity with tRNS across the visual system, evidence from stimulation and simulation. eNeuro, 2023, 10: ENEURO.0177-22.2023 1- 16.
34	Bikson M , Ganho-Ávila A , Datta A , Gillick B , Joensson MG , Kim S , Kim J , Kirton A , Lee K , Marjenin T , Onarheim B , Rehn EM , Sack AT , Unal G . Limited output transcranial electrical stimulation 2023 (LOTES-2023): updates on engineering principles, regulatory statutes, and industry standards for wellness, over-the-counter, or prescription devices with low risk. Brain Stimul, 2023, 16: 840- 853. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.05.008
35	Jog MA , Anderson C , Kubicki A , Boucher M , Leaver A , Hellemann G , Iacoboni M , Woods R , Narr K . Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in depression induces structural plasticity. Sci Rep, 2023, 13: 2841. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29792-6
36	Liebetanz D , Nitsche MA , Tergau F , Paulus W . Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability. Brain, 2002, 125 (Pt 10): 2238- 2247.
37	Yu TH , Wu YJ , Chien ME , Hsu KS . Transcranial direct current stimulation induces hippocampal metaplasticity mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neuropharmacology, 2019, 144: 358- 367. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.012
38	Merzagora AC , Foffani G , Panyavin I , Mordillo-Mateos L , Aguilar J , Onaral B , Oliviero A . Prefrontal hemodynamic changes produced by anodal direct current stimulation. Neuroimage, 2010, 49: 2304- 2310. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.044
39	Stagg CJ , Lin RL , Mezue M , Segerdahl A , Kong Y , Xie J , Tracey I . Widespread modulation of cerebral perfusion induced during and after transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci, 2013, 33: 11425- 11431. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3887-12.2013
40	Silvanto J , Muggleton N , Walsh V . State-dependency in brain stimulation studies of perception and cognition. Trends Cogn Sci, 2008, 12: 447- 454. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.09.004
41	Nitsche MA , Paulus W . Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol, 2000, 527 (Pt 3): 633- 639.
42	Jacobson L , Koslowsky M , Lavidor M . tDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: a meta-analytical review. Exp Brain Res, 2012, 216: 1- 10.
43	López-Alonso V , Cheeran B , Río-Rodríguez D , Fernández-Del-Olmo M . Inter-individual variability in response to non-invasive brain stimulation paradigms. Brain Stimul, 2014, 7: 372- 380. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.02.004
44	Benwell CS , Learmonth G , Miniussi C , Harvey M , Thut G . Nonlinear effects of transcranial direct current stimulation as a function of individual baseline performance: evidence from biparietal tDCS influence on lateralized attention bias. Cortex, 2015, 69: 152- 165. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.007
45	van't Wout M , Mariano TY , Garnaat SL , Reddy MK , Rasmussen SA , Greenberg BD . Can transcranial direct current stimulation augment extinction of conditioned fear?. Brain Stimul, 2016, 9: 529- 536. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.03.004
46	Asthana M , Nueckel K , Mühlberger A , Neueder D , Polak T , Domschke K , Deckert J , Herrmann MJ . Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on consolidation of fear memory. Front Psychiatry, 2013, 4: 107.
47	Ahmadizadeh MJ , Rezaei M , Fitzgerald PB . Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Brain Res Bull, 2019, 153: 273- 278. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.09.011
48	Han J , Choi KM , Yang C , Kim HS , Park SS , Lee SH . Treatment efficacy of tDCS and predictors of treatment response in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Affect Disord, 2022, 318: 357- 363. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.111
49	Helfrich RF , Schneider TR , Rach S , Trautmann-Lengsfeld SA , Engel AK , Herrmann CS . Entrainment of brain oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation. Curr Biol, 2014, 24: 333- 339. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.041
50	Nasr K , Haslacher D , Dayan E , Censor N , Cohen LG , Soekadar SR . Breaking the boundaries of interacting with the human brain using adaptive closed-loop stimulation. Prog Neurobiol, 2022, 216: 102311. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102311
51	Ali MM , Sellers KK , Fröhlich F . Transcranial alternating current stimulation modulates large-scale cortical network activity by network resonance. J Neurosci, 2013, 33: 11262- 11275. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5867-12.2013
52	Thut G , Miniussi C . New insights into rhythmic brain activity from TMS-EEG studies. Trends Cogn Sci, 2009, 13: 182- 189. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.004
53	Lin ZJ , Gu X , Gong WK , Wang M , Wu YJ , Wang Q , Wu XR , Zhao XY , Zhu MX , Wang LY , Liu Q , Yuan TF , Li WG , Xu TL . Stimulation of an entorhinal-hippocampal extinction circuit facilitates fear extinction in a post-traumatic stress disorder model. J Clin Invest, 2024, 134: e181095. doi: 10.1172/JCI181095
54	Jones KT , Smith CC , Gazzaley A , Zanto TP . Research outside the laboratory: longitudinal at-home neurostimulation. Behav Brain Res, 2022, 428: 113894. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113894
55	Hernandez-Tejada MA , Cherry KE , Rauch SAM , Acierno R , Fries GR , Muzzy W , Teng EJ , Wangelin B , Ahn H . Management of chronic pain and PTSD in veterans with tDCS+ prolonged exposure: a pilot study. Mil Med, 2023, 188 (11/12): 3316- 3321.
56	van't Wout-Frank M , Philip NS . Simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation during virtual reality exposure. J Vis Exp, 2021 (167): 10.3791/61795.
57	van't Wout-Frank M , Arulpragasam AR , Faucher C , Aiken E , Shea MT , Jones RN , Greenberg BD , Philip NS . Virtual reality and transcranial direct current stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 2024, 81: 437- 446. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5661
58	Philip NS , Brettler K , Greenberg BD , Arulpragasam AR , Cilli SL , Aiken E , van't Wout-Frank M . One year clinical outcomes after transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality for posttraumatic stress disorder. Brain Stimul, 2024, 17: 896- 898. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.016
59	Eyraud N , Poupin P , Legrand M , Caille A , Sauvaget A , Bulteau S , Gohier B , Harika-Germaneau G , Drapier D , Jaafari N , Bodic O , Brizard B , Gissot V , Belzung C , Courtine JB , El-Hage W . Combining trauma script exposure with tDCS to alleviate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: a two-arm randomized sham-controlled multicenter trial. Brain Stimul, 2024, 17: 591- 593. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.04.018
60	Jannati A , Oberman LM , Rotenberg A , Pascual-Leone A . Assessing the mechanisms of brain plasticity by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2023, 48: 191- 208. doi: 10.1038/s41386-022-01453-8
61	Cohen H , Kaplan Z , Kotler M , Kouperman I , Moisa R , Grisaru N . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry, 2004, 161: 515- 524. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.515
62	Nam DH , Pae CU , Chae JH . Low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, sham-controlled study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci, 2013, 11: 96- 102. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2013.11.2.96
63	Isserles M , Shalev AY , Roth Y , Peri T , Kutz I , Zlotnick E , Zangen A . Effectiveness of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with a brief exposure procedure in post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Brain Stimul, 2013, 6: 377- 383. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.07.008
64	Isserles M , Tendler A , Roth Y , Bystritsky A , Blumberger DM , Ward H , Feifel D , Viner L , Duffy W , Zohar J , Keller CJ , Bhati MT , Etkin A , George MS , Filipcic I , Lapidus K , Casuto L , Vaishnavi S , Stein A , Deutsch L , Deutsch F , Morales O , Daskalakis ZJ , Zangen A , Ressler KJ . Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with brief exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder: a prospective multisite randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry, 2021, 90: 721- 728. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.019
65	Fryml LD , Pelic CG , Acierno R , Tuerk P , Yoder M , Borckardt JJ , Juneja N , Schmidt M , Beaver KL , George MS . Exposure therapy and simultaneous repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a controlled pilot trial for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J ECT, 2019, 35: 53- 60. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000505
66	Kozel FA , Motes MA , Didehbani N , DeLaRosa B , Bass C , Schraufnagel CD , Jones P , Morgan CR , Spence JS , Kraut MA , Hart J Jr . Repetitive TMS to augment cognitive processing therapy in combat veterans of recent conflicts with PTSD: a randomized clinical trial. J Affect Disord, 2018, 229: 506- 514. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.046
67	Seybert C , Cotovio G , Grácio J , Oliveira-Maia AJ . Future perspectives from a case report of transcranial magnetic stimulation, cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychopharmacological treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Front Psychol, 2021, 12: 728130. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.728130
68	Breda V , Freire R . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2024, 1456: 145- 159.
69	Philip NS , Ramanathan D , Gamboa B , Brennan MC , Kozel FA , Lazzeroni L , Madore MR . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury. Neuromodulation, 2023, 26: 878- 884. doi: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.11.015
70	Jemna N , Zdrenghea AC , Frunza G , Demea AD , Hapca GE , Grad DA , Muresanu IA , Chereches RM , Muresanu FD . Theta-burst stimulation as a therapeutic tool in neurological pathology: a systematic review. Neurol Sci, 2024, 45: 911- 940. doi: 10.1007/s10072-023-07144-6
71	Sharbafshaaer M , Cirillo G , Esposito F , Tedeschi G , Trojsi F . Harnessing brain plasticity: the therapeutic power of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and theta burst stimulation (TBS) in neurotransmitter modulation, receptor dynamics, and neuroimaging for neurological innovations. Biomedicines, 2024, 12: 2506. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12112506
72	Jia Y , Xu L , Yang K , Zhang Y , Lv X , Zhu Z , Chen Z , Zhu Y , Wei L , Li X , Qian M , Shen Y , Hu W , Chen W . Precision repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left parietal cortex improves memory in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Front Aging Neurosci, 2021, 13: 693611. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.693611
73	Zhou D , Xie H , Chen L , Zhu Z , Zhang C , Jiang J . The cognitive improvement in patients with schizophrenia following low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation could last for 6 months: a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Res, 2024, 332: 115672. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115672
74	Di Passa AM , Prokop-Millar S , Yaya H , Dabir M , McIntyre-Wood C , Fein A , MacKillop E , MacKillop J , Duarte D . Clinical efficacy of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) in psychiatric and cognitive disorders: a systematic review. J Psychiatr Res, 2024, 175: 287- 315. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.011
75	Lantrip C . Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation with behavioral interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder: reasons for optimism despite negative findings. Biol Psychiatry, 2021, 90: e43- e44. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.003
76	Tatti E , Phillips AL , Paciorek R , Romanella SM , Dettore D , Di Lorenzo G , Ruffini G , Rossi S , Santarnecchi E . Boosting psychological change: combining non-invasive brain stimulation with psychotherapy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2022, 142: 104867. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104867
77	Soleimani G , Kuplicki R , Camchong J , Opitz A , Paulus MP , Lim KO , Ekhtiari H . Are we really targeting and stimulating DLPFC by placing transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) electrodes over F3/F4?. Hum Brain Mapp, 2023, 44: 6275- 6287. doi: 10.1002/hbm.26492
78	Gomez-Tames J , Fernández-Corazza M . Perspectives on optimized transcranial electrical stimulation based on spatial electric field modeling in humans. J Clin Med, 2024, 13: 3084. doi: 10.3390/jcm13113084
79	Jog MA , Norris V , Pfeiffer P , Taraku B , Kozikowski S , Schneider J , Boucher M , Iacoboni M , Woods R , Narr K . Personalized high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2025, 8: e2531189. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.31189
80	Violante IR , Alania K , Cassarà AM , Neufeld E , Acerbo E , Carron R , Williamson A , Kurtin DL , Rhodes E , Hampshire A , Kuster N , Boyden ES , Pascual-Leone A , Grossman N . Non-invasive temporal interference electrical stimulation of the human hippocampus. Nat Neurosci, 2023, 26: 1994- 2004. doi: 10.1038/s41593-023-01456-8
81	Carvalho F , Brietzke AP , Gasparin A , Dos Santos FP , Vercelino R , Ballester RF , Sanches PRS , da Silva DP Jr , Torres ILS , Fregni F , Caumo W . Home-based transcranial direct current stimulation device development: an updated protocol used at home in healthy subjects and fibromyalgia patients. J Vis Exp, 2018 (137): 57614.
82	Nguyen KH , Gordon LG . Cost-effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus antidepressant therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Value Health, 2015, 18: 597- 604. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2015.04.004
83	Antal A , Luber B , Brem AK , Bikson M , Brunoni AR , Cohen Kadosh R , Dubljević V , Fecteau S , Ferreri F , Flöel A , Hallett M , Hamilton RH , Herrmann CS , Lavidor M , Loo C , Lustenberger C , Machado S , Miniussi C , Moliadze V , Nitsche MA , Rossi S , Rossini PM , Santarnecchi E , Seeck M , Thut G , Turi Z , Ugawa Y , Venkatasubramanian G , Wenderoth N , Wexler A , Ziemann U , Paulus W . Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement. Clin Neurophysiol Pract, 2022, 7: 146- 165. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002
84	Antal A , Alekseichuk I , Bikson M , Brockmöller J , Brunoni AR , Chen R , Cohen LG , Dowthwaite G , Ellrich J , Flöel A , Fregni F , George MS , Hamilton R , Haueisen J , Herrmann CS , Hummel FC , Lefaucheur JP , Liebetanz D , Loo CK , McCaig CD , Miniussi C , Miranda PC , Moliadze V , Nitsche MA , Nowak R , Padberg F , Pascual-Leone A , Poppendieck W , Priori A , Rossi S , Rossini PM , Rothwell J , Rueger MA , Ruffini G , Schellhorn K , Siebner HR , Ugawa Y , Wexler A , Ziemann U , Hallett M , Paulus W . Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol, 2017, 128: 1774- 1809. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.001
85	Rossi S , Antal A , Bestmann S , Bikson M , Brewer C , Brockmöller J , Carpenter LL , Cincotta M , Chen R , Daskalakis JD , Di Lazzaro V , Fox MD , George MS , Gilbert D , Kimiskidis VK , Koch G , Ilmoniemi RJ , Lefaucheur JP , Leocani L , Lisanby SH , Miniussi C , Padberg F , Pascual-Leone A , Paulus W , Peterchev AV , Quartarone A , Rotenberg A , Rothwell J , Rossini PM , Santarnecchi E , Shafi MM , Siebner HR , Ugawa Y , Wassermann EM , Zangen A , Ziemann U , Hallett M . Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol, 2021, 132: 269- 306. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.003
86	Mao ZZ , Wang L , Li SL . The influence of AIDET communication mode on coping style and treat-ment compliance of depression patients undergoing r-TMS treatment. Zhongguo Dang Dai Yi Yao, 2021, 28: 227- 229.
	毛忠珍, 王璐, 李水兰. AIDET沟通模式对抑郁症行r-TMS治疗患者应对方式及治疗依从性的影响. 中国当代医药, 2021, 28: 227- 229.

文献来源	研究对象	刺激靶点	刺激参数	范式或评估量表	疗效
van't Wout等^[45]（2016）	健康人群	VMPFC	阳极2 mA	巴甫洛夫恐惧条件反射、消退和回忆范式	对早期消退回忆无显著影响，加速晚期消退学习
Asthana等^[46]（2013）	健康人群	左侧DLPFC	阴极1 mA，12 min	巴甫洛夫恐惧条件反射、消退和回忆范式	抑制恐惧记忆巩固
Ahmadizadeh等^[47]（2019）	PTSD患者	DLPFC	2 mA，20 min × 10次，30 s内强度自零缓慢升高至2 mA	CAPS等	改善认知功能，未改善回避行为
Han等^[48]（2022）	PTSD患者	F3（阳极）/F4（阴极）	2 mA，20 min × 10次	CAPS等	基线认知功能较高患者获益更佳
van't Wout-Frank和Philip^[56]（2021）	PTSD退伍军人	VMPFC	2 mA，25 min × 6次，30 s内强度自零缓慢升高至2 mA	战争相关虚拟现实驾驶任务	提出tDCS联合VRET方案，推进居家治疗
van't Wout-Frank等^[57]（2024）	慢性PTSD退伍军人	VMPFC	2 mA，25 min × 6次，30 s内强度自零缓慢升高至2 mA	战争相关虚拟现实驾驶任务	治疗1个月后症状减轻，社交能力改善；tDCS联合VRET方案获得短期和长期疗效
Philip等^[58]（2024）	慢性PTSD退伍军人	VMPFC	2 mA，25 min × 6次，30 s内强度自零缓慢升高至2 mA	战争相关虚拟现实驾驶任务	tDCS联合VRET方案获得短期和长期疗效
Eyraud等^[59]（2024）	慢性PTSD患者	左侧DLPFC	2 mA（20 min/次、2次/d + 间隔20 min）× 5 d	创伤剧本暴露	联合DLPFC刺激无益

文献来源	研究对象	刺激靶点	刺激参数	范式或评估量表	疗效
van't Wout等^[45]（2016）	健康人群	VMPFC	阳极2 mA	巴甫洛夫恐惧条件反射、消退和回忆范式	对早期消退回忆无显著影响，加速晚期消退学习
Asthana等^[46]（2013）	健康人群	左侧DLPFC	阴极1 mA，12 min	巴甫洛夫恐惧条件反射、消退和回忆范式	抑制恐惧记忆巩固
Ahmadizadeh等^[47]（2019）	PTSD患者	DLPFC	2 mA，20 min × 10次，30 s内强度自零缓慢升高至2 mA	CAPS等	改善认知功能，未改善回避行为
Han等^[48]（2022）	PTSD患者	F3（阳极）/F4（阴极）	2 mA，20 min × 10次	CAPS等	基线认知功能较高患者获益更佳
van't Wout-Frank和Philip^[56]（2021）	PTSD退伍军人	VMPFC	2 mA，25 min × 6次，30 s内强度自零缓慢升高至2 mA	战争相关虚拟现实驾驶任务	提出tDCS联合VRET方案，推进居家治疗
van't Wout-Frank等^[57]（2024）	慢性PTSD退伍军人	VMPFC	2 mA，25 min × 6次，30 s内强度自零缓慢升高至2 mA	战争相关虚拟现实驾驶任务	治疗1个月后症状减轻，社交能力改善；tDCS联合VRET方案获得短期和长期疗效
Philip等^[58]（2024）	慢性PTSD退伍军人	VMPFC	2 mA，25 min × 6次，30 s内强度自零缓慢升高至2 mA	战争相关虚拟现实驾驶任务	tDCS联合VRET方案获得短期和长期疗效
Eyraud等^[59]（2024）	慢性PTSD患者	左侧DLPFC	2 mA（20 min/次、2次/d + 间隔20 min）× 5 d	创伤剧本暴露	联合DLPFC刺激无益

文献来源	研究对象	刺激靶点	刺激参数	范式或评估量表	疗效
Cohen等^[61]（2004）	PTSD患者	右侧DLPFC	10 Hz	PCL、CAPS、HAMD	改善核心症状
Nam等^[62]（2013）	PTSD患者	右侧PFC	1 Hz × 3周	CAPS	改善再体验症状
Isserles等^[63]（2013）	PTSD患者	mPFC	20 Hz，120% MT，2 “s开”/20 “s关”，3次/周，共4周	CAPS-2	促进恐惧消退，改善侵入性症状
Isserles等^[64]（2021）	PTSD患者	mPFC	18 Hz，100% MT，2 “s开”/20 “s关”，3次/周，共4周	DSM-5	未证实其可有效促进恐惧消退或减轻整体症状
Fryml等^[65]（2019）	PTSD患者	左侧或右侧前额皮质	10 Hz，120% MT，5 “s开”/10 “s关”，共5周	CAPS	rTMS联合长期暴露疗法安全可行
Kozel等^[66]（2018）	PTSD患者	右侧DLPFC	1 Hz，110% MT，30 min连续	CAPS、PCL等	rTMS联合CPT改善症状效果更佳
Seybert等^[67]（2021）	PTSD患者	右侧DLPFC	20 Hz，100% MT，2 “s开”/28 “s关”，5次/周，共6周	PCL-5、CAPS-5等	对难治性PTSD有效

文献来源	研究对象	刺激靶点	刺激参数	范式或评估量表	疗效
Cohen等^[61]（2004）	PTSD患者	右侧DLPFC	10 Hz	PCL、CAPS、HAMD	改善核心症状
Nam等^[62]（2013）	PTSD患者	右侧PFC	1 Hz × 3周	CAPS	改善再体验症状
Isserles等^[63]（2013）	PTSD患者	mPFC	20 Hz，120% MT，2 “s开”/20 “s关”，3次/周，共4周	CAPS-2	促进恐惧消退，改善侵入性症状
Isserles等^[64]（2021）	PTSD患者	mPFC	18 Hz，100% MT，2 “s开”/20 “s关”，3次/周，共4周	DSM-5	未证实其可有效促进恐惧消退或减轻整体症状
Fryml等^[65]（2019）	PTSD患者	左侧或右侧前额皮质	10 Hz，120% MT，5 “s开”/10 “s关”，共5周	CAPS	rTMS联合长期暴露疗法安全可行
Kozel等^[66]（2018）	PTSD患者	右侧DLPFC	1 Hz，110% MT，30 min连续	CAPS、PCL等	rTMS联合CPT改善症状效果更佳
Seybert等^[67]（2021）	PTSD患者	右侧DLPFC	20 Hz，100% MT，2 “s开”/28 “s关”，5次/周，共6周	PCL-5、CAPS-5等	对难治性PTSD有效

[1]	Dong MING. Innovative research on medicine-engineering convergence in neuromodulation [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 8-12.
[2]	Di-xuan ZHI, Lei JIN, Yi-he WANG, Yong-zhi SHAN. Clinical application and future prespectives of brain-computer interface [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 13-20.
[3]	Yi YANG, Qi-heng HE, Xiao-ke CHAI, Ji-zong ZHAO. Prolonged consciousness disorder and brain-computer interface: a new paradigm of medicine-engineering convergence in neuromodulation [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 21-29.
[4]	WANG Cheng-en, LI Xue-hui, GENG Zi-han, ZHAO Fei, YANG Jia-jia. Clinical progress of neuromodulation therapy for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 40-49.
[5]	PING An, ZHU Jun-ming. Advances in neuromodulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: transitioning from open-loop stimulation to closed-loop stimulation [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 50-56.
[6]	HU Tian-qi, XIE Hu-tao, ZHANG Jian-guo. Deep brain stimulation in drug-resistant epilepsy: current status and future perspectives [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 57-64.
[7]	WEI Xin-ming, FENG Ke-ke. Progress on the application of deep brain stimulation in motor dysfunction after stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 65-68.
[8]	WU Jing-chao, LIANG Si-quan. Progress on the application of deep brain stimulation in refractory mental disease [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 69-76.
[9]	ZHANG Yun-sheng, WANG Qi, YANG Wen-qiang, YU Yan-bing, ZHANG Li. Advances in clinical practice of spinal cord stimulation [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 77-84.
[10]	FENG Shan-gang, SHI Ye-tong, YIN Shao-ya. Current clinical application of vagus nerve stimulation [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 85-91.
[11]	YANG Xin, WANG Shu-zhe, LI Shen. Mechanisms and clinical advances in transcranial alternating current stimulation for the treatment of depression [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2026, 26(1): 92-98.
[12]	Bing-hui QIU, Jia-shu DU, Qing-lei ZHONG, Jie ZHUO, Shan HE. Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in severe traumatic brain injury long-term outcomes [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2025, 25(9): 779-783.
[13]	Jia-liang HAN, Guo-bin ZHANG. The pathogenesis of microglia in traumatic brain injury [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2025, 25(9): 784-789.
[14]	Jing-xi PAN, Wen-fu LI, Khan Jalal, Jia-shu DU, Qing-lei ZHONG, Yun BAO. Advances in the pathology feature and treatment of cerebral edema after traumatic brain injury [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2025, 25(9): 790-797.
[15]	Xi-xian LIAO, Fen MEI, Bing-hui QIU, Song-tao QI, Qing-lei ZHONG, Yun BAO. Progress on the application of growth hormone in traumatic brain injury [J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2025, 25(9): 798-806.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export

Progress on non-invasive electrical and magnetic neuromodulation therapy for cognitive impairment in posttraumatic stress disorder

非侵入性电磁神经调控治疗创伤后应激障碍认知损害研究进展

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 3

References 86

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

模态框（Modal）标题

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export

Progress on non-invasive electrical and magnetic neuromodulation therapy for cognitive impairment in posttraumatic stress disorder

非侵入性电磁神经调控治疗创伤后应激障碍认知损害研究进展

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 3

References 86

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments