[1] Wang W, Jiang B, Sun H, Ru X, Sun D, Wang L, Wang L, Jiang Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Wu S, Zhang Y, Wang D, Wang Y, Feigin VL; NESS - China Investigators. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of stroke in China: results from a nationwide population - based survey of 480 687 adults[J]. Circulation, 2017, 135: 759-771. [2] Jayaraj RL, Azimullah S, Beiram R, Jalal FY, Rosenberg GA. Neuroinflammation: friend and foe for ischemic stroke[J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2019, 16: 142. [3] Iadecola C, Anrather J. The immunology of stroke: from mechanisms to translation[J]. Nat Med, 2011, 17: 796-808. [4] Malone K, Amu S, Moore AC, Waeber C. Immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in stroke[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2019, 10: 630. [5] Guruswamy R, ElAli A. Complex roles of microglial cells in ischemic stroke pathobiology: new insights and future directions [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2017, 18: 496. [6] Choi YH, Laaker C, Hsu M, Cismaru P, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Molecular mechanisms of neuroimmune crosstalk in the pathogenesis of stroke[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22: 9486. [7] Faura J, Bustamante A, Miró - Mur F, Montaner J. Stroke - induced immunosuppression: implications for the prevention and prediction of post - stroke infections [J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2021, 18: 127. [8] Petrovic - Djergovic D, Goonewardena SN, Pinsky DJ. Inflammatory disequilibrium in stroke[J]. Circ Res, 2016, 119: 142-158. [9] Pekna M, Pekny M. The complement system: a powerful modulator and effector of astrocyte function in the healthy and diseased central nervous system[J]. Cells, 2021, 10: 1812. [10] Rawish E, Nording H, Münte T, Langer HF. Platelets as mediators of neuroinflammation and thrombosis [J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 548631. [11] Jian Z, Liu R, Zhu X, Smerin D, Zhong Y, Gu L, Fang W, Xiong X. The involvement and therapy target of immune cells after ischemic stroke[J]. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 2167. [12] Facci L, Barbierato M, Marinelli C, Argentini C, Skaper SD, Giusti P. Toll - like receptors 2, - 3 and - 4 prime microglia but not astrocytes across central nervous system regions for ATP - dependent interleukin-1β release [J]. Sci Rep, 2014, 4: 6824. [13] McDonough A, Lee RV, Noor S, Lee C, Le T, Iorga M, Phillips JLH, Murphy S, Möller T, Weinstein JR. Ischemia/reperfusion induces interferon-stimulated gene expression in microglia[J]. J Neurosci, 2017, 37: 8292-8308. [14] Kanazawa M, Ninomiya I, Hatakeyama M, Takahashi T, Shimohata T. Microglia and monocytes/macrophages polarization reveal novel therapeutic mechanism against stroke[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2017, 18: 2135. [15] Kurisu K, Zheng Z, Kim JY, Shi J, Kanoke A, Liu J, Hsieh CL, Yenari MA. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells - 2 expression in the brain is required for maximal phagocytic activity and improved neurological outcomes following experimental stroke[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2019, 39: 1906-1918. [16] Zhang W, Tian T, Gong SX, Huang WQ, Zhou QY, Wang AP, Tian Y. Microglia - associated neuroinflammation is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke[J]. Neural Regen Res, 2021, 16: 6-11. [17] Schilling M, Strecker JK, Schäbitz WR, Ringelstein EB, Kiefer R. Effects of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 on blood-borne cell recruitment after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice [J]. Neuroscience, 2009, 161: 806-812. [18] Kim JY, Park J, Chang JY, Kim SH, Lee JE. Inflammation after ischemic stroke: the role of leukocytes and glial cells[J]. Exp Neurobiol, 2016, 25: 241-251. [19] Felger JC, Abe T, Kaunzner UW, Gottfried - Blackmore A, Gal - Toth J, McEwen BS, Iadecola C, Bulloch K. Brain dendritic cells in ischemic stroke: time course, activation state, and origin [J]. Brain Behav Immun, 2010, 24: 724-737. [20] Rao KN, Brown MA. Mast cells: multifaceted immune cells with diverse roles in health and disease[J]. Ann NY Acad Sci, 2008, 1143: 83-104. [21] Bylicky MA, Mueller GP, Day RM. Mechanisms of endogenous neuroprotective effects of astrocytes in brain injury[J]. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2018: ID6501031. [22] Xie L, Yang SH. Interaction of astrocytes and T cells in physiological and pathological conditions[J]. Brain Res, 2015, 1623: 63-73. [23] Wan YY. Multi-tasking of helper T cells[J]. Immunology, 2010, 130: 166-171. [24] Bonneville M, O'Brien RL, Born WK. Gammadelta T cell effector functions: a blend of innate programming and acquired plasticity [J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2010, 10: 467-478. [25] Qin X, Akter F, Qin L, Cheng J, Guo M, Yao S, Jian Z, Liu R, Wu S. Adaptive immunity regulation and cerebral ischemia[J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 689. [26] Schuhmann MK, Langhauser F, Kraft P, Kleinschnitz C. B cells do not have a major pathophysiologic role in acute ischemic stroke in mice [J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2017, 14: 112. [27] Maida CD, Norrito RL, Daidone M, Tuttolomondo A, Pinto A. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: focus on cardioembolic stroke, background, and therapeutic approaches [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21: 6454. [28] Shaheryar ZA, Khan MA, Adnan CS, Zaidi AA, Hänggi D, Muhammad S. Neuroinflammatory triangle presenting novel pharmacological targets for ischemic brain injury[J]. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 748663. [29] Gencer S, Evans BR, van der Vorst EPC, Döring Y, Weber C. Inflammatory chemokines in atherosclerosis[J]. Cells, 2021, 10: 226. [30] Shirley R, Ord EN, Work LM. Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in stroke[J]. Antioxidants (Basel), 2014, 3: 472-501. [31] Willard SS, Koochekpour S. Glutamate, glutamate receptors, and downstream signaling pathways[J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2013, 9: 948-959. [32] Harari OA, Liao JK. NF - kappaB and innate immunity in ischemic stroke[J]. Ann NY Acad Sci, 2010, 1207: 32-40. [33] Sun J, Nan G. Erratum to: the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway as a discovery target in stroke[J]. J Mol Neurosci, 2016, 59: 430. [34] Nakamura A, Otani K, Shichita T. Lipid mediators and sterile inflammation in ischemic stroke[J]. Int Immunol, 2020, 32: 719- 725. [35] Singh V, Roth S, Veltkamp R, Liesz A. HMGB1 as a key mediator of immune mechanisms in ischemic stroke [J]. Antioxid Redox Signal, 2016, 24: 635-651. [36] Ye Y, Zeng Z, Jin T, Zhang H, Xiong X, Gu L. The role of high mobility group box 1 in ischemic stroke [J]. Front Cell Neurosci, 2019, 13: 127. [37] De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Maggio N, Izzo S, Papa M, Colangelo AM. Roadmap for stroke: challenging the role of the neuronal extracellular matrix[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21: 7554. [38] Sarvari S, Moakedi F, Hone E, Simpkins JW, Ren X. Mechanisms in blood - brain barrier opening and metabolism - challenged cerebrovascular ischemia with emphasis on ischemic stroke [J]. Metab Brain Dis, 2020, 35: 851-868. [39] Candelario - Jalil E. Injury and repair mechanisms in ischemic stroke: considerations for the development of novel neurotherapeutics [J]. Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2009, 10: 644-654. [40] Liu F, Cheng X, Zhong S, Liu C, Jolkkonen J, Zhang X, Liang Y, Liu Z, Zhao C. Communications between peripheral and the brain - resident immune system in neuronal regeneration after stroke [J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 1931. [41] Liu Q, Johnson EM, Lam RK, Wang Q, Bo Ye H, Wilson EN, Minhas PS, Liu L, Swarovski MS, Tran S, Wang J, Mehta SS, Yang X, Rabinowitz JD, Yang SS, Shamloo M, Mueller C, James ML, Andreasson KI. Peripheral TREM1 responses to brain and intestinal immunogens amplify stroke severity[J]. Nat Immunol, 2019, 20: 1023-1034. [42] Nikolic D, Jankovic M, Petrovic B, Novakovic I. Genetic aspects of inflammation and immune response in stroke[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21: 7409. [43] Langhauser F, Kraft P, Göb E, Leinweber J, Schuhmann MK, Lorenz K, Gelderblom M, Bittner S, Meuth SG, Wiendl H, Magnus T, Kleinschnitz C. Blocking of α4 integrin does not protect from acute ischemic stroke in mice[J]. Stroke, 2014, 45: 1799-1806. [44] Elkind MSV, Veltkamp R, Montaner J, Johnston SC, Singhal AB, Becker K, Lansberg MG, Tang W, Kasliwal R, Elkins J. Natalizumab in acute ischemic stroke (ACTION Ⅱ): a randomized, placebo - controlled trial[J]. Neurology, 2020, 95: e1091-1104. [45] Smith CJ, Hulme S, Vail A, Heal C, Parry-Jones AR, Scarth S, Hopkins K, Hoadley M, Allan SM, Rothwell NJ, Hopkins SJ, Tyrrell PJ. SCIL - STROKE (Subcutaneous Interleukin - 1 Receptor Antagonist in Ischemic Stroke): a randomized controlled phase 2 trial [J]. Stroke, 2018, 49: 1210-1216. [46] Shi K, Zou M, Jia DM, Shi S, Yang X, Liu Q, Dong JF, Sheth KN, Wang X, Shi FD. tPA mobilizes immune cells that exacerbate hemorrhagic transformation in stroke[J]. Circ Res, 2021, 128: 62-75. [47] Chen R, Xu Y, Wu P, Zhou H, Lasanajak Y, Fang Y, Tang L, Ye L, Li X, Cai Z, Zhao J. Transplantation of fecal microbiota rich in short chain fatty acids and butyric acid treat cerebral ischemic stroke by regulating gut microbiota[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2019, 148: 104403. [48] Law ZK, Tan HJ, Chin SP, Wong CY, Wan Yahya WNN, Muda AS, Zakaria R, Ariff MI, Ismail NA, Cheong SK, Wahid SFSA, Ibrahim NM. The effects of intravenous infusion of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with subacute middle cerebral artery infarct: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial on safety, tolerability and efficacy [J]. Cytotherapy, 2021, 23: 833-840. [49] Shi K, Tian DC, Li ZG, Ducruet AF, Lawton MT, Shi FD. Global brain inflammation in stroke[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2019, 18: 1058-1066. |