摘要： 视神经脊髓炎是主要累及视神经和脊髓的中枢神经系统自身免疫性疾病，既往被认为是多发性硬化的一种亚型。自发现NMO-IgG 以来，越来越多的证据提示视神经脊髓炎为一独立疾病。脊髓MRI 所显示的长节段横贯性脊髓炎是其最具特征性的影像学改变，Wingerchuk 诊断标准和美国国立多发性硬化协会推荐的诊断标准为目前常用标准。随着对视神经脊髓炎认识的加深，对视神经炎、脊髓炎及其脑部表现等临床症状的鉴别诊断水平也有所提高。

关键词: 视神经脊髓炎, 诊断, 综述

Abstract: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease of central nervous system involving the optic nerves and spinal. It was considered an optic-spinal form of multiple sclerosis (MS) until serum anti-aquaporin-4 antibody (NMO-IgG) were suggested to be a specific biomarker of NMO, distinguishing it from MS. Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) is suggested to be one of the most characteristic spinal cord lesions of NMO. Wingerchuk criteria and criteria recommended by National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) task force on differential diagnosis of MS are two main diagnostic criteria of NMO. This review discusses the recent progress in diagnosis of NMO.

Key words: Neuromyelitis optica, Diagnosis, Review