Clinical research progress on subjective cognitive decline

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2023.04.002

Abstract

Abstract: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) refers to the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in which patients have the chief complaint of cognitive decline but no objective manifestations. It is considered to be an earlier stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) than the preclinical stage of AD, and the risk of progression to AD is higher. At present, there is a limited understanding of SCD in China. This paper reviews the concept of SCD, the status quo of epidemiological research, research framework, related risk factors, its relationship with AD, as well as the progress of neuropsychological tests and imaging research, so as to provide the possibility for the early clinical diagnosis and treatment of AD.

Key words: Cognition disorders, Alzheimer disease, Dementia, Review

摘要： 主观认知下降是患者存在认知功能下降主诉但无客观临床证据的阿尔茨海默病临床前期阶段，被认为是早于轻度认知损害的更早阶段，进展为阿尔茨海默病的风险较高。目前国内对主观认知下降的认知有限，本文从主观认知下降概念、流行病学、研究框架、相关影响因素、与阿尔茨海默病关系，以及神经心理学测验、影像学研究进展进行综述，为临床早期诊断阿尔茨海默病提供可能。

关键词: 认知障碍, 阿尔茨海默病, 痴呆, 综述

LIU Qing, SUN Ping. Clinical research progress on subjective cognitive decline[J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2023, 23(4): 275-281.

刘庆, 孙萍. 主观认知下降临床研究进展[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2023, 23(4): 275-281.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

URL: https://journal11.magtechjournal.com/cjcnn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2023.04.002

https://journal11.magtechjournal.com/cjcnn/EN/Y2023/V23/I4/275

References

[1] GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990-2015:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2017, 16:877-897.
[2] Jia L, Quan M, Fu Y, Zhao T, Li Y, Wei C, Tang Y, Qin Q, Wang F, Qiao Y, Shi S, Wang YJ, Du Y, Zhang J, Zhang J, Luo B, Qu Q, Zhou C, Gauthier S, Jia J; Group for the Project of Dementia Situation in China. Dementia in China:epidemiology, clinical management, and research advances[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2020, 19:81-92.
[3] Slot RER, Sikkes SAM, Berkhof J, Brodaty H, Buckley R, Cavedo E, Dardiotis E, Guillo-Benarous F, Hampel H, Kochan NA, Lista S, Luck T, Maruff P, Molinuevo JL, Kornhuber J, Reisberg B, Riedel-Heller SG, Risacher SL, Roehr S, Sachdev PS, Scarmeas N, Scheltens P, Shulman MB, Saykin AJ, Verfaillie SCJ, Visser PJ, Vos SJB, Wagner M, Wolfsgruber S, Jessen F, van der Flier WM; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, DESCRIPA working group, INSIGHT-preAD study group, SCD-I working group. Subjective cognitive decline and rates of incident Alzheimer's disease and non-Alzheimer's disease dementia[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2019, 15:465-476.
[4] Jia L, Du Y, Chu L, Zhang Z, Li F, Lyu D, Li Y, Li Y, Zhu M, Jiao H, Song Y, Shi Y, Zhang H, Gong M, Wei C, Tang Y, Fang B, Guo D, Wang F, Zhou A, Chu C, Zuo X, Yu Y, Yuan Q, Wang W, Li F, Shi S, Yang H, Zhou C, Liao Z, Lv Y, Li Y, Kan M, Zhao H, Wang S, Yang S, Li H, Liu Z, Wang Q, Qin W, Jia J; COAST Group. Prevalence, risk factors, and management of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older in China:a cross-sectional study[J]. Lancet Public Health, 2020, 5:e661-671.
[5] Ren RJ, Yin P, Wang ZH, Qi JL, Tang R, Wang JT, Huang Q, Li JP, Xie XY, Hu YB, Cui SS, Yu XP, Zhu Y, Liu XY, Zhu YK, Lin SH, Wang YR, Huang YY, Hu YS, Wang XF, Wang HL, Chu JS, Wang Y, Li CB, Zhou MG, Wang G. Chinese Alzheimer's disease report 2021[J]. Zhen Duan Xue Li Lun Yu Shi Jian, 2021, 20:317-337.[任汝静, 殷鹏, 王志会, 齐金蕾, 汤然, 王金涛, 黄强, 李建平, 谢心怡, 胡勇博, 崔诗爽, 余小萍, 朱圆, 刘馨雅, 朱怡康, 林绍慧, 王怡然, 黄延焱, 胡以松, 王学锋, 王鸿利, 褚敬申, 王颖, 李春波, 周脉耕, 王刚. 中国阿尔茨海默病报告2021[J]. 诊断学理论与实践, 2021, 20:317-337.]
[6] Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia[J]. Am J Psychiatry, 1982, 139:1136-1139.
[7] Jessen F, Amariglio RE, van Boxtel M, Breteler M, Ceccaldi M, Chételat G, Dubois B, Dufouil C, Ellis KA, van der Flier WM, Glodzik L, van Harten AC, de Leon MJ, McHugh P, Mielke MM, Molinuevo JL, Mosconi L, Osorio RS, Perrotin A, Petersen RC, Rabin LA, Rami L, Reisberg B, Rentz DM, Sachdev PS, de la Sayette V, Saykin AJ, Scheltens P, Shulman MB, Slavin MJ, Sperling RA, Stewart R, Uspenskaya O, Vellas B, Visser PJ, Wagner M; Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative (SCD-I) Working Group. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2014, 10:844-852.
[8] Jessen F, Amariglio RE, Buckley RF, van der Flier WM, Han Y, Molinuevo JL, Rabin L, Rentz DM, Rodriguez-Gomez O, Saykin AJ, Sikkes SAM, Smart CM, Wolfsgruber S, Wagner M. The characterisation of subjective cognitive decline[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2020, 19:271-278.
[9] Cedres N, Diaz-Galvan P, Diaz-Flores L, Muehlboeck JS, Molina Y, Barroso J, Westman E, Ferreira D. The interplay between gray matter and white matter neurodegeneration in subjective cognitive decline[J]. Aging (Albany NY), 2021, 13:19963-19977.
[10] Liu JH, Dong J, Xing Y. Research progress in related concepts of subjective cognitive decline[J]. Zhongguo Shen Jing Mian Yi Xue He Shen Jing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 2015, 22:362-364.[刘江红, 董静, 邢怡. 主观认知障碍相关概念的研究进展[J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2015, 22:362-364.]
[11] Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR Jr, Kaye J, Montine TJ, Park DC, Reiman EM, Rowe CC, Siemers E, Stern Y, Yaffe K, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Morrison-Bogorad M, Wagster MV, Phelps CH. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease:recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2011, 7:280-292.
[12] Koyanagi A, Smith L, Shin JI, Oh H, Kostev K, Jacob L, Abduljabbar AS, Haro JM. Multimorbidity and subjective cognitive complaints:findings from 48 low-and middle-income countries of the World Health Survey 2002-2004[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2021, 81:1737-1747.
[13] Morrison C, Dadar M, Shafiee N, Villeneuve S, Louis Collins D; for Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Regional brain atrophy and cognitive decline depend on definition of subjective cognitive decline[J]. Neuroimage Clin, 2022, 33:102923.
[14] Vlachos GS, Cosentino S, Kosmidis MH, Anastasiou CA, Yannakoulia M, Dardiotis E, Hadjigeorgiou G, Sakka P, Ntanasi E, Scarmeas N. Prevalence and determinants of subjective cognitive decline in a representative Greek elderly population[J]. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2019, 34:846-854.
[15] Luck T, Roehr S, Rodriguez FS, Schroeter ML, Witte AV, Hinz A, Mehnert A, Engel C, Loeffler M, Thiery J, Villringer A, Riedel-Heller SG. Memory-related subjective cognitive symptoms in the adult population:prevalence and associated factors:results of the LIFE-Adult-Study[J]. BMC Psychol, 2018, 6:23.
[16] Garcia-Ptacek S, Eriksdotter M, Jelic V, Porta-Etessam J, Kåreholt I, Manzano Palomo S. Subjective cognitive impairment:towards early identification of Alzheimer disease[J]. Neurologia, 2016, 31:562-571.
[17] Jeffers EM, Bouldin ED, McGuire LC, Knapp KA, Patel R, Guglielmo D, Taylor CA, Croft JB. Prevalence and characteristics of subjective cognitive decline among unpaid caregivers aged ≥ 45 years:22 states, 2015-2019[J]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2021, 70:1591-1596.
[18] Roh M, Dan H, Kim O. Influencing factors of subjective cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021, 18:11488.
[19] Hao L, Wang X, Zhang L, Xing Y, Guo Q, Hu X, Mu B, Chen Y, Chen G, Cao J, Zhi X, Liu J, Li X, Yang L, Li J, Du W, Sun Y, Wang T, Liu Z, Liu Z, Zhao X, Li H, Yu Y, Wang X, Jia J, Han Y. Prevalence, risk factors, and complaints screening tool exploration of subjective cognitive decline in a large cohort of the Chinese population[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2017, 60:371-388.
[20] Perrotin A, Mormino EC, Madison CM, Hayenga AO, Jagust WJ. Subjective cognition and amyloid deposition imaging:a Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography study in normal elderly individuals[J]. Arch Neurol, 2012, 69:223-229.
[21] Rabin LA, Smart CM, Amariglio RE. Subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheime's disease[J]. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 2017, 13:369-396.
[22] Molinuevo JL, Rabin LA, Amariglio R, Buckley R, Dubois B, Ellis KA, Ewers M, Hampel H, Klöppel S, Rami L, Reisberg B, Saykin AJ, Sikkes S, Smart CM, Snitz BE, Sperling R, van der Flier WM, Wagner M, Jessen F; Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative (SCD-I) Working Group. Implementation of subjective cognitive decline criteria in research studies[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2017, 13:296-311.
[23] Desai R, Whitfield T, Said G, John A, Saunders R, Marchant NL, Stott J, Charlesworth G. Affective symptoms and risk of progression to mild cognitive impairment or dementia in subjective cognitive decline:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ageing Res Rev, 2021, 71:101419.
[24] Mitchell AJ. The clinical significance of subjective memory complaints in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and dementia:a meta-analysis[J]. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2008, 23:1191-1202.
[25] Alzheimer's Association. 2021 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2021, 17:327-406.
[26] Innes KE, Selfe TK, Khalsa DS, Kandati S. Meditation and music improve memory and cognitive function in adults with subjective cognitive decline:a pilot randomized controlled trial[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2017, 56:899-916.
[27] Heath M, Shellington E, Titheridge S, Gill DP, Petrella RJ. A 24-week multi-modality exercise program improves executive control in older adults with a self-reported cognitive complaint:evidence from the antisaccade task[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2017, 56:167-183.
[28] Mitchell AJ, Beaumont H, Ferguson D, Yadegarfar M, Stubbs B. Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints:meta-analysis[J]. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2014, 130:439-451. C, Leng L, Zhu W.
[29] Reisberg B, Shulman MB, Torossian Outcome over seven years of healthy adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2010, 6:11-24.
[30] Jia F, Li Y, Li M, Cao F. Subjective cognitive decline, cognitive reserve indicators, and the incidence of dementia[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2021, 22:1449-1455.e4.
[31] Watson KT, Wroolie TE, Tong G, Foland-Ross LC, Frangou S, Singh M, McIntyre RS, Roat-Shumway S, Myoraku A, Reiss AL, Rasgon NL. Neural correlates of liraglutide effects in persons at risk for Alzheimer's disease[J]. Behav Brain Res, 2019, 356:271-278.
[32] Rostamzadeh A, Bohr L, Wagner M, Baethge C, Jessen F. Progression of subjective cognitive decline to MCI or dementia in relation to biomarkers for Alzheimer disease:a meta-analysis[J]. Neurology, 2022, 99:e1866-1874.
[33] Ribaldi F, Palomo R, Altomare D, Scheffler M, Assal F, Ashton NJ, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Abramowicz M, Garibotto V, Chicherio C, Frisoni GB. The taxonomy of subjective cognitive decline:proposal and first clinical evidence from the Geneva memory clinic cohort[J]. Res Sq, 2023.[Epub ahead of print]
[34] Marquié M, Valero S, Castilla-Marti M, Martínez J, Rodríguez-Gómez O, Sanabria Á, Tartari JP, Monté-Rubio GC, Sotolongo-Grau O, Alegret M, Pérez-Cordón A, Roberto N, de Rojas I, Moreno-Grau S, Montrreal L, Hernández I, Rosende-Roca M, Mauleón A, Vargas L, Abdelnour C, Gil S, Esteban-De Antonio E, Espinosa A, Ortega G, Lomeña F, Pavia J, Vivas A, Tejero MÁ, Gómez-Chiari M, Simó R, Ciudin A, Hernández C, Orellana A, Benaque A, Ruiz A, Tárraga L, Boada M; FACEHBI study group. Association between retinal thickness and β-amyloid brain accumulation in individuals with subjective cognitive decline:Fundació ACE Healthy Brain Initiative[J]. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2020, 12:37.
[35] Chiesa PA, Cavedo E, Grothe MJ, Houot M, Teipel SJ, Potier MC, Habert MO, Lista S, Dubois B, Hampel H; INSIGHT-preAD Study Group and the Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI). Relationship between basal forebrain resting-state functional connectivity and brain amyloid-β deposition in cognitively intact older adults with subjective memory complaints[J]. Radiology, 2019, 290:167-176.
[36] Amariglio RE, Becker JA, Carmasin J, Wadsworth LP, Lorius N, Sullivan C, Maye JE, Gidicsin C, Pepin LC, Sperling RA, Johnson KA, Rentz DM. Subjective cognitive complaints and amyloid burden in cognitively normal older individuals[J]. Neuropsychologia, 2012, 50:2880-2886.
[37] McCluskey GE, Yates P, Villemagne VL, Rowe C, Szoeke CEI. Self-reported confusion is related to global and regional β-amyloid:data from the Women's healthy ageing project[J]. Brain Imaging Behav, 2018, 12:78-86.
[38] Verfaillie SCJ, Timmers T, Slot RER, van der Weijden CWJ, Wesselman LMP, Prins ND, Sikkes SAM, Yaqub M, Dols A, Lammertsma AA, Scheltens P, Ossenkoppele R, van Berckel BNM, van der Flier WM. Amyloid-β load is related to worries, but not to severity of cognitive complaints in individuals with subjective cognitive decline:the SCIENCe project[J]. Front Aging Neurosci, 2019, 11:7. A, Altenstein
[39] Jessen F, Wolfsgruber S, Kleineindam L, Spottke S, Bartels C, Berger M, Brosseron F, Daamen M, Dichgans M, Dobisch L, Ewers M, Fenski F, Fliessbach K, Freiesleben SD, Glanz W, Görß D, Gürsel S, Janowitz D, Kilimann I, Kobeleva X, Lohse A, Maier F, Metzger C, Munk M, Preis L, Sanzenbacher C, Spruth E, Rauchmann B, Vukovich R, Yakupov R, Weyrauch AS, Ziegler G, Schmid M, Laske C, Perneczky R, Schneider A, Wiltfang J, Teipel S, Bürger K, Priller J, Peters O, Ramirez A, Boecker H, Heneka MT, Wagner M, Düzel E. Subjective cognitive decline and stage 2 of Alzheimer disease in patients from memory centers[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2023, 19:487-497.
[40] Jansen WJ, Janssen O, Tijms BM, Vos SJB, Ossenkoppele R, Visser PJ, Aarsland D, Alcolea D, Altomare D, von Arnim C, Baiardi S, Baldeiras I, Barthel H, Bateman RJ, Van Berckel B, Binette AP, Blennow K, Boada M, Boecker H, Bottlaender M, den Braber A, Brooks DJ, Van Buchem MA, Camus V, Carill JM, Cerman J, Chen K, Chételat G, Chipi E, Cohen AD, Daniels A, Delarue M, Didic M, Drzezga A, Dubois B, Eckerström M, Ekblad LL, Engelborghs S, Epelbaum S, Fagan AM, Fan Y, Fladby T, Fleisher AS, Van der Flier WM, Förster S, Fortea J, Frederiksen KS, Freund-Levi Y, Frings L, Frisoni GB, Fröhlich L, Gabryelewicz T, Gertz HJ, Gill KD, Gkatzima O, Gómez-Tortosa E, Grimmer T, Guedj E, Habeck CG, Hampel H, Handels R, Hansson O, Hausner L, Hellwig S, Heneka MT, Herukka SK, Hildebrandt H, Hodges J, Hort J, Huang CC, Iriondo AJ, Itoh Y, Ivanoiu A, Jagust WJ, Jessen F, Johannsen P, Johnson KA, Kandimalla R, Kapaki EN, Kern S, Kilander L, Klimkowicz-Mrowiec A, Klunk WE, Koglin N, Kornhuber J, Kramberger MG, Kuo HC, Van Laere K, Landau SM, Landeau B, Lee DY, de Leon M, Leyton CE, Lin KJ, Lleó A, Löwenmark M, Madsen K, Maier W, Marcusson J, Marquié M, Martinez-Lage P, Maserejian N, Mattsson N, de Mendonça A, Meyer PT, Miller BL, Minatani S, Mintun MA, Mok VCT, Molinuevo JL, Morbelli SD, Morris JC, Mroczko B, Na DL, Newberg A, Nobili F, Nordberg A, Olde Rikkert MGM, de Oliveira CR, Olivieri P, Orellana A, Paraskevas G, Parchi P, Pardini M, Parnetti L, Peters O, Poirier J, Popp J, Prabhakar S, Rabinovici GD, Ramakers IH, Rami L, Reiman EM, Rinne JO, Rodrigue KM, Rodríguez-Rodriguez E, Roe CM, Rosa-Neto P, Rosen HJ, Rot U, Rowe CC, Rüther E, Ruiz A, Sabri O, Sakhardande J, Sánchez-Juan P, Sando SB, Santana I, Sarazin M, Scheltens P, Schröder J, Selnes P, Seo SW, Silva D, Skoog I, Snyder PJ, Soininen H, Sollberger M, Sperling RA, Spiru L, Stern Y, Stomrud E, Takeda A, Teichmann M, Teunissen CE, Thompson LI, Tomassen J, Tsolaki M, Vandenberghe R, Verbeek MM, Verhey FRJ, Villemagne V, Villeneuve S, Vogelgsang J, Waldemar G, Wallin A, Wallin ÅK, Wiltfang J, Wolk DA, Yen TC, Zboch M, Zetterberg H; Amyloid Biomarker Study Group. Prevalence estimates of amyloid abnormality across the Alzheimer disease clinical spectrum[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2022, 79:228-243.
[41] Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Behl T, Ashraf GM. Reconsidering and reforming the amyloid cascade hypothesis[J]. Curr Protein Pept Sci, 2021, 22:449-457.
[42] Sanabria A, Alegret M, Rodriguez-Gomez O, Valero S, Sotolongo-Grau O, Monté-Rubio G, Abdelnour C, Espinosa A, Ortega G, Perez-Cordon A, Gailhajanet A, Hernandez I, Rosende-Roca M, Vargas L, Mauleon A, Sanchez D, Martin E, Rentz DM, Lomeña F, Ruiz A, Tarraga L, Boada M; FACEHBI study group. The Spanish version of Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (S-FNAME) performance is related to amyloid burden in Subjective Cognitive Decline[J]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8:3828.
[43] Hao LX, Xing Y, Jia JG, Han Y. Chinesization of the 21-item Subjective Cognitive Decline Questionnaire[J]. Zhongguo Quan Ke Yi Xue, 2021, 24:2349-2354.[郝立晓, 邢悦, 贾建国, 韩璎. 英文版主观认知下降问卷21的汉化研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2021, 24:2349-2354.]
[44] Caratozzolo S, Rozzini L, Cosseddu M, Turrone R, Compostella S, Benussi A, Scalvini A, Zoppi N, Giunta M, Barbara P, Padovani A. Prediction of cognitive decline in subjects with subjective memory impairment[J]. J Neurol Sci, 2021, 429(Suppl):118983.
[45] Janssen O, Jansen WJ, Vos SJB, Boada M, Parnetti L, Gabryelewicz T, Fladby T, Molinuevo JL, Villeneuve S, Hort J, Epelbaum S, Lleó A, Engelborghs S, van der Flier WM, Landau S, Popp J, Wallin A, Scheltens P, Rikkert MO, Snyder PJ, Rowe C, Chételat G, Ruíz A, Marquié M, Chipi E, Wolfsgruber S, Heneka M, Boecker H, Peters O, Jarholm J, Rami L, Tort-Merino A, Binette AP, Poirier J, Rosa-Neto P, Cerman J, Dubois B, Teichmann M, Alcolea D, Fortea J, Sánchez-Saudinós MB, Ebenau J, Pocnet C, Eckerström M, Thompson L, Villemagne V, Buckley R, Burnham S, Delarue M, Freund-Levi Y, Wallin ÅK, Ramakers I, Tsolaki M, Soininen H, Hampel H, Spiru L, Tijms B, Ossenkoppele R, Verhey FRJ, Jessen F, Visser PJ; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, FACEHBI study group, PREVENT-AD research group. Characteristics of subjective cognitive decline associated with amyloid positivity[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2022, 18:1832-1845.
[46] Gifford KA, Liu D, Romano R 3rd, Jones RN, Jefferson AL. Development of a subjective cognitive decline questionnaire using item response theory:a pilot study[J]. Alzheimers Dement (Amst), 2015, 1:429-439.
[47] Crook TH 3rd, Feher EP, Larrabee GJ. Assessment of memory complaint in age-associated memory impairment:the MAC-Q[J]. Int Psychogeriatr, 1992, 4:165-176.
[48] Reid M, Parkinson L, Gibson R, Schofield P, D'Este C, Attia J, Tavener M, Byles J. Memory complaint questionnaire performed poorly as screening tool:validation against psychometric tests and affective measures[J]. J Clin Epidemiol, 2012, 65:199-205.
[49] Hurt CS, Burns A, Brown RG, Barrowclough C. Perceptions of subjective memory complaint in older adults:the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Memory (IPQ-M)[J]. Int Psychogeriatr, 2010, 22:750-760.
[50] Farias ST, Mungas D, Reed BR, Cahn-Weiner D, Jagust W, Baynes K, Decarli C. The measurement of everyday cognition (ECog):scale development and psychometric properties[J]. Neuropsychology, 2008, 22:531-544.
[51] Chen Q, Wu S, Li X, Sun Y, Chen W, Lu J, Zhang W, Liu J, Qing Z, Nedelska Z, Hort J, Zhang X, Zhang B. Basal forebrain atrophy is associated with allocentric navigation deficits in Subjective Cognitive Decline[J]. Front Aging Neurosci, 2021, 13:596025.
[52] Lim EY, Shim YS, Hong YJ, Ryu SY, Cho AH, Yang DW. Different cortical thinning patterns depending on their prognosis in individuals with Subjective Cognitive Decline[J]. Dement Neurocogn Disord, 2019, 18:113-121.
[53] Diaz-Galvan P, Ferreira D, Cedres N, Falahati F, Hernández-Cabrera JA, Ames D, Barroso J, Westman E. Comparing different approaches for operationalizing subjective cognitive decline:impact on syndromic and biomarker profiles[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11:4356.
[54] Fu Z, Zhao M, Wang X, He Y, Tian Y, Yang Y, Han Y, Li S. Altered neuroanatomical asymmetries of subcortical structures in Subjective Cognitive Decline, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2021, 79:1121-1132.
[55] Vaqué-Alcázar L, Mulet-Pons L, Abellaneda-Pérez K, Solé-Padullés C, Cabello-Toscano M, Macià D, Sala-Llonch R, Bargalló N, Solana J, Cattaneo G, Tormos JM, Pascual-Leone A, Bartrés-Faz D. tDCS-induced memory reconsolidation effects and its associations with structural and functional MRI substrates in Subjective Cognitive Decline[J]. Front Aging Neurosci, 2021, 13:695232.
[56] Sánchez-Benavides G, Grau-Rivera O, Suárez-Calvet M, Minguillon C, Cacciaglia R, Gramunt N, Falcon C, Gispert JD, Molinuevo JL; ALFA Study. Brain and cognitive correlates of subjective cognitive decline-plus features in a population-based cohort[J]. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2018, 10:123.
[57] Zhao W, Wang X, Yin C, He M, Li S, Han Y. Trajectories of the hippocampal subfields atrophy in the Alzheimer's disease:a structural imaging study[J]. Front Neuroinform, 2019, 13:13.
[58] Scheef L, Grothe MJ, Koppara A, Daamen M, Boecker H, Biersack H, Schild HH, Wagner M, Teipel S, Jessen F. Subregional volume reduction of the cholinergic forebrain in subjective cognitive decline (SCD)[J]. Neuroimage Clin, 2019, 21:101612.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export