急性大脑中动脉M2段闭塞致缺血性卒中支架取栓术与直接抽吸取栓术对比分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2022.09.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的对比分析支架取栓术与直接抽吸取栓术治疗急性大脑中动脉M2段闭塞致缺血性卒中的有效性和安全性。方法纳入2016年3月至2021年3月在湖北省武汉市第一医院行血管内治疗的44例急性大脑中动脉M2段闭塞致缺血性卒中患者，分别行支架取栓术（支架组，22例）和直接抽吸取栓术（抽吸组，22例），详细记录发病至手术结束时间、术后即刻血管再通率（改良脑梗死溶栓血流分级 ≥ 2b级）、术后90 d预后良好率（改良Rankin量表评分 ≤ 2分）和病死率、症状性颅内出血和无症状性颅内出血发生率。结果共44例患者，血管再通率为77.27%（34/44），其中支架组为68.18%（15/22），抽吸组为86.36%（19/22）但有5例血管再通欠佳改行支架取栓术。两组患者穿刺至手术结束时间（t=0.978，P=0.334）、血管再通率（χ²=2.071，P=0.150）、术后90 d预后良好率（χ²=0.364，P=0.546）和病死率（χ²=0.193，P=0.660）、症状性颅内出血（χ²=0.524，P=0.469）和无症状性颅内出血（χ²=0.275，P=0.600）发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论支架取栓术和直接抽吸取栓术治疗急性大脑中动脉M2段闭塞致缺血性卒中安全、有效，尚待多中心大样本随机对照试验进一步验证。

关键词: 动脉闭塞性疾病, 大脑中动脉, 支架, 抽吸, 血栓切除术

Abstract: Objective To analyze the effectivity and safety of stent thrombectomy and direct aspiration thrombectomy in the treatment of ischemic stroke caused by acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) M2 segment occlusion. Methods A total of 44 patients with ischemic stroke caused by acute MCA M2 segment occlusion who received endovascular therapy in Wuhan No. 1 Hospital from March 2016 to March 2021 were selected, including 22 patients with stent thrombectomy and 22 patients with direct aspiration thrombectomy. Time from onset to the end of surgery, postoperative immediate recanalization rate[modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Score (mTICI) ≥ 2b], postoperative 90-day good prognosis rate[modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤ 2], mortality, rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (asICH) were recorded. Results The postoperative recanalization rate in the total 44 patients was 77.27% (34/44), while 68.18% (15/22) in the stent group and 86.36% (19/22) in the aspiration group. Five patients in the aspiration group had poor result with aspiration and were remedied with stent thrombectomy. There was no statistic difference in the time from puncture to the end of the surgery (t=0.978, P=0.334), recanalization rate (χ²=2.071, P=0.150), postoperaitve 90-day good prognosis rate (χ²=0.364, P=0.546), mortality (χ²=0.193, P=0.660), incidence of sICH (χ²=0.524, P=0.469) and asICH (χ²=0.275, P=0.600). Conclusions This preliminary study showed that stent thrombectomy and direct aspiration thrombectomy in patients with ischemic stroke caused by acute MCA M2 segment occlusion are safe and effective, but further exploration of multicentre, large-sample randomised controlled trials is needed.

Key words: Arterial occlusive diseases, Middle cerebral artery, Stents, Suction, Thrombectomy

郭章宝, 许项前, 谌敏, 段振晖, 唐坤, 刘文华. 急性大脑中动脉M2段闭塞致缺血性卒中支架取栓术与直接抽吸取栓术对比分析[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2022, 22(9): 810-816.

GUO Zhang-bao, XU Xiang-qian, CHEN Min, DUAN Zhen-hui, TANG Kun, LIU Wen-hua. A comparative study of stent thrombectomy and direct aspiration thrombectomy in the treatment of ischemic stroke caused by acute middle cerebral artery M2 segment occlusion[J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2022, 22(9): 810-816.

https://journal11.magtechjournal.com/cjcnn/CN/Y2022/V22/I9/810

参考文献

[1] Khatri P, Yeatts SD, Mazighi M, Broderick JP, Liebeskind DS, Demchuk AM, Amarenco P, Carrozzella J, Spilker J, Foster LD, Goyal M, Hill MD, Palesch YY, Jauch EC, Haley EC, Vagal A, Tomsick TA; IMS Ⅲ Trialists.Time to angiographic reperfusion and clinical outcome after acute ischaemic stroke:an analysis of data from the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS Ⅲ) phase 3 trial[J].Lancet Neurol, 2014, 13:567-574.
[2] Ciccone A, Valvassori L, Nichelatti M, Sgoifo A, Ponzio M, Sterzi R, Boccardi E; SYNTHESIS Expansion Investigators.Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke[J].N Engl J Med, 2013, 368:904-913.
[3] Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK, Eesa M, Rempel JL, Thornton J, Roy D, Jovin TG, Willinsky RA, Sapkota BL, Dowlatshahi D, Frei DF, Kamal NR, Montanera WJ, Poppe AY, Ryckborst KJ, Silver FL, Shuaib A, Tampieri D, Williams D, Bang OY, Baxter BW, Burns PA, Choe H, Heo JH, Holmstedt CA, Jankowitz B, Kelly M, Linares G, Mandzia JL, Shankar J, Sohn SI, Swartz RH, Barber PA, Coutts SB, Smith EE, Morrish WF, Weill A, Subramaniam S, Mitha A, Wong JH, Lowerison MW, Sajobi TT, Hill MD; ESCAPE Trial Investigators.Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke[J].N Engl J Med, 2015, 372:1019-1030.
[4] Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A, Diener HC, Levy EI, Pereira VM, Albers GW, Cognard C, Cohen DJ, Hacke W, Jansen O, Jovin TG, Mattle HP, Nogueira RG, Siddiqui AH, Yavagal DR, Devlin TG, Lopes DK, Reddy V, du Mesnil de Rochemont R, Jahan R; SWIFT PRIME Investigators.Solitaire ^TM with the Intention for Thrombectomy as Primary Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke (SWIFT PRIME) trial:protocol for a randomized, controlled, multicenter study comparing the Solitaire revascularization device with Ⅳ tPA with Ⅳ tPA alone in acute ischemic stroke[J].Int J Stroke, 2015, 10:439-448.
[5] Campbell BC, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ, Dewey HM, Churilov L, Yassi N, Yan B, Dowling RJ, Parsons MW, Oxley TJ, Wu TY, Brooks M, Simpson MA, Miteff F, Levi CR, Krause M, Harrington TJ, Faulder KC, Steinfort BS, Priglinger M, Ang T, Scroop R, Barber PA, McGuinness B, Wijeratne T, Phan TG, Chong W, Chandra RV, Bladin CF, Badve M, Rice H, de Villiers L, Ma H, Desmond PM, Donnan GA, Davis SM; EXTEND-IA Investigators.Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection[J].N Engl J Med, 2015, 372:1009-1018.
[6] Lapergue B, Blanc R, Gory B, Labreuche J, Duhamel A, Marnat G, Saleme S, Costalat V, Bracard S, Desal H, Mazighi M, Consoli A, Piotin M; ASTER Trial Investigators.Effect of endovascular contact aspiration vs stent retriever on revascularization in patients with acute ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion:the ASTER randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA, 2017, 318:443-452.
[7] Turk AS 3rd, Siddiqui A, Fifi JT, De Leacy RA, Fiorella DJ, Gu E, Levy EI, Snyder KV, Hanel RA, Aghaebrahim A, Woodward BK, Hixson HR, Chaudry MI, Spiotta AM, Rai AT, Frei D, Almandoz JED, Kelly M, Arthur A, Baxter B, English J, Linfante I, Fargen KM, Mocco J.Aspiration thrombectomy versus stent retriever thrombectomy as first-line approach for large vessel occlusion (COMPASS):a multicentre, randomised, open label, blinded outcome, non-inferiority trial[J].Lancet, 2019, 393:998-1008.
[8] Neurology Branch, Chinese Medical Association; Cerebral Vascular Diseases Group, Neurology Branch, Chinese Medical Association.Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke 2018[J].Zhonghua Shen Jing Ke Za Zhi, 2018, 51:666-682.[中华医学会神经病学分会, 中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组.中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2018[J].中华神经科杂志, 2018, 51:666-682.]
[9] Wang J, Xia S, Qi ZY, Feng XQ.Advances on the application research of cerebral collateral circulation assessment for acute ischemic stroke mechanical thrombectomy[J].Zhongguo Xian Dai Shen Jing Ji Bing Za Zhi, 2019, 19:720-725.[王健, 夏爽, 祁子禹, 冯学泉.脑侧支循环评估在急性缺血性卒中机械取栓中的应用进展[J].中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2019, 19:720-725.]
[10] Li Q, Zhu LF, Zhou TF, Guan M, Wu LH, He YK, Li TX.The application of SWIM technology in the treatment of acute occlusion of middle cerebral artery[J].Jie Ru Fang She Xue Za Zhi, 2019, 28:717-720.[李强, 朱良付, 周腾飞, 管民, 吴立恒, 贺迎坤, 李天晓.SWIM技术在大脑中动脉急性闭塞治疗中的应用[J].介入放射学杂志, 2019, 28:717-720.]
[11] van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J.Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients[J].Stroke, 1988, 19:604-607.
[12] von Kummer R, Broderick JP, Campbell BC, Demchuk A, Goyal M, Hill MD, Treurniet KM, Majoie CB, Marquering HA, Mazya MV, San Román L, Saver JL, Strbian D, Whiteley W, Hacke W.The heidelberg bleeding classification:classification of bleeding events after ischemic stroke and reperfusion therapy[J].Stroke, 2015, 46:2981-2986.
[13] Turc G, Tsivgoulis G, Audebert HJ, Boogaarts H, Bhogal P, De Marchis GM, Fonseca AC, Khatri P, Mazighi M, Pérez de la Ossa N, Schellinger PD, Strbian D, Toni D, White P, Whiteley W, Zini A, van Zwam W, Fiehler J.European Stroke Organisation:European Society for Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy expedited recommendation on indication for intravenous thrombolysis before mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and anterior circulation large vessel occlusion[J].Eur Stroke J, 2022, 7:Ⅰ-ⅩⅩⅥ.
[14] Zi W, Qiu Z, Li F, Sang H, Wu D, Luo W, Liu S, Yuan J, Song J, Shi Z, Huang W, Zhang M, Liu W, Guo Z, Qiu T, Shi Q, Zhou P, Wang L, Fu X, Liu S, Yang S, Zhang S, Zhou Z, Huang X, Wang Y, Luo J, Bai Y, Zhang M, Wu Y, Zeng G, Wan Y, Wen C, Wen H, Ling W, Chen Z, Peng M, Ai Z, Guo F, Li H, Guo J, Guan H, Wang Z, Liu Y, Pu J, Wang Z, Liu H, Chen L, Huang J, Yang G, Gong Z, Shuai J, Nogueira RG, Yang Q; DEVT Trial Investigators.Effect of endovascular treatment alone vs intravenous alteplase plus endovascular treatment on functional independence in patients with acute ischemic stroke:the DEVT randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA, 2021, 325:234-243.
[15] Yang P, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Treurniet KM, Chen W, Peng Y, Han H, Wang J, Wang S, Yin C, Liu S, Wang P, Fang Q, Shi H, Yang J, Wen C, Li C, Jiang C, Sun J, Yue X, Lou M, Zhang M, Shu H, Sun D, Liang H, Li T, Guo F, Ke K, Yuan H, Wang G, Yang W, Shi H, Li T, Li Z, Xing P, Zhang P, Zhou Y, Wang H, Xu Y, Huang Q, Wu T, Zhao R, Li Q, Fang Y, Wang L, Lu J, Li Y, Fu J, Zhong X, Wang Y, Wang L, Goyal M, Dippel DWJ, Hong B, Deng B, Roos YBWEM, Majoie CBLM, Liu J; DIRECT-MT Investigators.Endovascular thrombectomy with or without intravenous alteplase in acute stroke[J].N Engl J Med, 2020, 382:1981-1993.
[16] Liu SX, Li D.Advances in recanalization of M2 segment occlusion in middle cerebral artery[J].Zhongguo Zu Zhong Za Zhi, 2019, 14:400-403.[刘舒鑫, 李迪.大脑中动脉M2段闭塞血管再通研究进展[J].中国卒中杂志, 2019, 14:400-403.]
[17] Lima FO, Furie KL, Silva GS, Lev MH, Camargo EC, Singhal AB, Harris GJ, Halpern EF, Koroshetz WJ, Smith WS, Nogueira RG.Prognosis of untreated strokes due to anterior circulation proximal intracranial arterial occlusions detected by use of computed tomography angiography[J].JAMA Neurol, 2014, 71:151-157.
[18] Bhatia R, Hill MD, Shobha N, Menon B, Bal S, Kochar P, Watson T, Goyal M, Demchuk AM.Low rates of acute recanalization with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in ischemic stroke:real-world experience and a call for action[J].Stroke, 2010, 41:2254-2258.
[19] Rai AT, Carpenter JS, Raghuram K, Roberts TD, Rodgers D, Hobbs GR.Endovascular therapy yields significantly superior outcomes for large vessel occlusions compared with intravenous thrombolysis:is it time to randomize[J]? J Neurointerv Surg, 2013, 5:430-434.
[20] Rahme R, Yeatts SD, Abruzzo TA, Jimenez L, Fan L, Tomsick TA, Ringer AJ, Furlan AJ, Broderick JP, Khatri P.Early reperfusion and clinical outcomes in patients with M2 occlusion:pooled analysis of the PROACT Ⅱ, IMS, and IMS Ⅱ studies[J].J Neurosurg, 2014, 121:1354-1358.
[21] Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, Biller J, Brown M, Demaerschalk BM, Hoh B, Jauch EC, Kidwell CS, Leslie-Mazwi TM, Ovbiagele B, Scott PA, Sheth KN, Southerland AM, Summers DV, Tirschwell DL; American Heart Association Stroke Council.2018 Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke:a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J].Stroke, 2018, 49:e46-110.
[22] Goyal M, Menon BK, van Zwam WH, Dippel DW, Mitchell PJ, Demchuk AM, Dávalos A, Majoie CB, van der Lugt A, de Miquel MA, Donnan GA, Roos YB, Bonafe A, Jahan R, Diener HC, van den Berg LA, Levy EI, Berkhemer OA, Pereira VM, Rempel J, Millán M, Davis SM, Roy D, Thornton J, Román LS, Ribó M, Beumer D, Stouch B, Brown S, Campbell BC, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Saver JL, Hill MD, Jovin TG; HERMES Collaborators.Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke:a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials[J].Lancet, 2016, 387:1723-1731.
[23] Zhao W, Zhao LH, Hou YW, Zhang HL, Li B, Wang JH, Guo ZY.Stent thrombectomy for middle cerebral artery M2 segment and anterior cerebral artery occlusion[J].Zhonghua Lao Nian Xin Nao Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi, 2017, 19:536-538.[赵伟, 赵莲花, 侯延伟, 张合亮, 李博, 王景华, 郭再玉.大脑中动脉M2段和大脑前动脉闭塞的支架取栓治疗[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志, 2017, 19:536-538.]
[24] Xing PF, Li ZF, Li Q, Zhao R, Fang YB, Zhao KJ, Dai DW, Yang PF, Zhang YW, Liu JM.Efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy with stent-retriever for anterior circulation distal vessel occlusion[J].Di Er Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao, 2018, 39:997-1002.[邢鹏飞, 李子付, 李强, 赵瑞, 方亦斌, 赵开军, 戴冬伟, 杨鹏飞, 张永巍, 刘建民.支架取栓器机械取栓治疗前循环远端血管闭塞的疗效观察[J].第二军医大学学报, 2018, 39:997-1002.]
[25] Zhang CY, Yang B, Zhao SJ, Shi QY.Clinical efficacy of stent embolectomy in treatment of middle cerebral artery M2 occlusion[J].Zhongguo Jie Ru Ying Xiang Yu Zhi Liao Xue, 2019, 16:250-252.[张春阳, 杨斌, 赵士军, 石秋艳.支架取栓术治疗大脑中动脉M2段闭塞的临床效果[J].中国介入影像与治疗学, 2019, 16:250-252.]
[26] Romano DG, Casseri T, Leonini S, Tassi R, Cioni S, Vallone IM, Gennari P, Acampa M, Martini G, Bracco S.Single-center experience using the 3MAX or 4MAX reperfusion catheter for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke with distal arterial occlusions in patients not eligible for intravenous fibrinolysis[J].Radiol Med, 2019, 124:408-413.
[27] Mokin M, Fargen KM, Primiani CT, Ren Z, Dumont TM, Brasiliense LBC, Dabus G, Linfante I, Kan P, Srinivasan VM, Binning MJ, Gupta R, Turk AS, Elijovich L, Arthur A, Shallwani H, Levy EI, Siddiqui AH.Vessel perforation during stent retriever thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke:technical details and clinical outcomes[J].J Neurointerv Surg, 2017, 9:922-928.
[28] Jin R, Yang G, Li G.Molecular insights and therapeutic targets for blood-brain barrier disruption in ischemic stroke:critical role of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue-type plasminogen activator[J].Neurobiol Dis, 2010, 38:376-385.
[29] Vandelli L, Marietta M, Gambini M, Cavazzuti M, Trenti T, Cenci MA, Casoni F, Bigliardi G, Pentore R, Nichelli P, Zini A.Fibrinogen decrease after intravenous thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients is a risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2015, 24:394-400.
[30] Feldman MJ, Roth S, Fusco MR, Mehta T, Arora N, Siegler JE, Schrag M, Mittal S, Kirshner H, Mistry AM, Yaghi S, Chitale RV, Khatri P, Mistry EA.Association of asymptomatic hemorrhage after endovascular stroke treatment with outcomes[J].J Neurointerv Surg, 2021, 13:1095-1098.
[31] Liu YC, Zheng MM, Li Y, Xie SW, Wang JY, Liu QR.Analysis of prognostic factors of mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion[J].Zhongguo Xian Dai Shen Jing Ji Bing Za Zhi, 2020, 20:407-412.[刘永昌, 郑明明, 李严, 谢松旺, 王俊勇, 刘庆冉.急性大血管闭塞性缺血性卒中患者机械取栓术后预后影响因素分析[J].中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2020, 20:407-412.]

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容

2 急性大脑中动脉M2段闭塞致缺血性卒中支架取栓术与直接抽吸取栓术对比分析

A comparative study of stent thrombectomy and direct aspiration thrombectomy in the treatment of ischemic stroke caused by acute middle cerebral artery M2 segment occlusion

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

被引次数

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	刘源, 佟志勇, 余冠东, 赵旭东, 初金刚. 颅内-颅内血管搭桥侧侧吻合术治疗复杂颅内动脉瘤长期疗效观察[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2024, 24(8): 632-643.
[2]	梅月昕, 陈歆然, 陈红兵. 急性直窦血栓形成血管内治疗一例[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2024, 24(8): 684-688.
[3]	史美燕, 张贤军, 王宪伟, 张勇, 王乃东. 经桡动脉入路颅内动脉狭窄支架成形术四例[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2024, 24(5): 382-390.
[4]	陈虹秀, 崔柳平, 陈松伟, 刘然, 李娜, 邢英琦. 经颅多普勒超声对脑血流自动调节的性别差异性研究[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2023, 23(8): 758-764.
[5]	王建, 李梦娇, 祝俊驰, 陈丽娟, 孔平. Wallenberg综合征合并高血压脑病发病的青年脑卒中一例[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2023, 23(7): 648-651.
[6]	徐娜, 易婷玉, 王则托, 吴燕敏, 林定来, 陈文伙. 急性颈内动脉狭窄性串联病变颅内动脉机械取栓后急诊颈动脉支架成形术疗效分析[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2022, 22(8): 729-737.
[7]	赵焱钢, 吕斌, 王君, 崔芳, 曹向宇, 李宝民. “橄榄头”技术在脑静脉窦狭窄支架植入术中的应用[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2022, 22(6): 472-477.
[8]	曲典, 郝文思, 连芳, 胡舒缘, 谷亚钦, 段建钢. 恶性颅内高压诊治思考：一例报告[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2022, 22(6): 500-506.
[9]	孙增峰, 尚彦国, 盛志国, 朱华雨, 佟小光. 基于球囊闭塞试验的脑血管侧支循环代偿能力评估及临床意义[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2022, 22(5): 341-347.
[10]	何世豪, 刘子琪, 王嵘. 成人烟雾病脑血管搭桥术后短期神经功能和临床症状改善单中心研究[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2022, 22(5): 348-352.
[11]	廖煜君, 何康民, 徐斌. 顺血流搭桥术与逆血流搭桥术对烟雾病患者桥血管血流通畅性的对比分析[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2022, 22(5): 353-358.
[12]	王本琳, 孙杨, 李琪, 佟小光. 颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术联合带蒂颞顶筋膜瓣贴敷术治疗烟雾病疗效分析[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2022, 22(5): 368-373.
[13]	余冠东, 佟志勇, 刘源, 王刚, 张劲松, 初金刚. 颞浅动脉-大脑前动脉和颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉双搭桥术治疗烟雾病的对照研究[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2021, 21(7): 537-546.
[14]	孙杨, 王本琳, 李琪, 佟小光. 低流量血管搭桥术治疗慢性症状性大脑中动脉闭塞疗效分析[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2021, 21(7): 547-552.
[15]	韩庆东, 黄亚波. 颅内外血管搭桥术在颅内大型和巨大型血栓性动脉瘤中的应用[J]. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2021, 21(7): 562-568.

模态框（Modal）标题

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容

2 急性大脑中动脉M2段闭塞致缺血性卒中支架取栓术与直接抽吸取栓术对比分析

A comparative study of stent thrombectomy and direct aspiration thrombectomy in the treatment of ischemic stroke caused by acute middle cerebral artery M2 segment occlusion

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

被引次数

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价