Abstract: Lower homing, surviving, proliferation, differentiation and osteogenesis of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) limit its use in bone disease. Recently, transplantation in combination with growth factors, prevascularized scaffolds, or regulation of signaling proteins and cytoprotective genes was applied to increase its therapeutic effects, and the results are encouraging.

Key words: mesenchymal stem cells, transplantation, osteogenesis