Basic & Clinical Medicine

Association analysis of ER22/23EK polymorphism in glucocorticoid receptor gene with natural longevity in XinJiang Uygur nationality and compared with Han nationality

Wen-xi JIANG; Zu-heng CHENG; Wen-quan NIU; Chang-chun QIU

2008, 28(2): 113-118.

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Objective To investigates the association of the ER22/23EK polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (GR) with natural longevity in the XinJiang Uygur nationality people and the difference between the races. Methods 191 healthy individuals over 90 years old from Uighur people were recruited as the longevity group and 53 ages 65-70, matched in nationality, gender and region, formed the control group; at the same time, 82 Han nationality people aged between 65-70 who immigrated in Xinjiang Hetian more than 30 years ago were randomly selected and investigated. Genotyping was performed by using PCR-SSP, PCR-RELP and PCR-sequencing. Results The frequencies of ER22/23EK alleles and genotypes showed no significant difference between the longevity group and the controls in Uygur, but the carriers of ER22/23EK of GR gene in Xinjiang Han old folks were significantly more than those in Uygurs, the frequencies of WM, MM genotypes and M allele were significantly higher in Han nationality, while the frequencies of WW genotype and W allele were significant lower. Conclusion There is possibly no association between ER22/23EK polymorphism and XinJiang Uygur natural longevity, but there are significant differences between two ethnic groups.

Decreased Inhibitory Synaptic Function in CA1 region of hippocampus of adult rats following global ischemia-reperfusion

Lin-feng XU; Wen-pei MA; Ning-hui ZHAO; Zhong-tang FENG

2008, 28(2): 119-122.

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Objective To observe the effects of global ischemia-reperfusion on inhibitory synaptic function in hippocampal CAl region of adult rats. Methods All animals were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operation group (SH), ischemia-reperfusion 3 day (IR-3) and 7 day group (IR-7). Global ischemic episode was achieved by 4-vessel occlusion．Evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) were recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices using whole-cell voltage-clamp. Results The eIPSCs amplitudes generated by lower stimulus intensities were significantly (p <0.05) decreased in both IR-3 and IR-7 rats compared with SH rats. Moreover, the rise time of eIPSCs in IR-7 group was significantly decreased compared with SH group (p <0.05)，but the paired pulse depression of eIPSCs was significantly increased in IR-3 group compared with SH rats. Conclusion Ischemia-reperfusion injury decreased GABA-mediated synaptic function in the hippocampal CA1 region of adult rats.

Effect of SDF-1/CXCR4 on the hematopoietic-supporting activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Dong-ping CHEN; Zhi-jian ZHANG; Xiu-li WU; Jian-hua LIN

2008, 28(2): 123-127.

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Objective To study the effect of stromal cell-derived factor-1（SDF-1）/CXCR4 on the proliferation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells（HSPCs） supported by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells（MSCs）． Methods Rat bone marrow MSCs were plated as feeder layer in long-term cultures（LTC） with bone marrow CD34+ cells in vitro．Cultures were supplemented weekly with SDF-1，anti-SDF-1 antibody，or anti-CXCR4 antibody separately for 5 weeks．The hematopoietic-supporting activity was evaluated through the numbers of CD34+ cells and colony forming cell（CFC）．To assess the effect of SDF-1/CXCR4 on CD34+ cell proliferation cycle，killing assays were carried out and proliferation indexes were calculated．Expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR4 in MSCs and CD34+ cells were determined by flow cytometry．SDF-1 in MSC- and CD34+ cell-conditioned medium was also measured by ELISA． Results The numbers of CD34+ cells and CFC and proliferation indexes were significantly increased in treatment with SDF-1（P<0.01），and were significantly decreased in treatment with anti-SDF-1 antibody（P<0.05）and anti-CXCR4 antibody（P<0.01）．CXCR4 presents on the surface of CD34+ cells，but not on the surface of MSCs．Intracellular production of SDF-1(iSDF-1) was detected in MSCs，but not in CD34+ cells．SDF-1 was detected in MSC-conditioned medium，but not in CD34+ cell-conditioned medium． Conclusion SDF-1/CXCR4 play an important role in the hematopoietic-supporting activity of MSCs．

The effect of PPAR-γ ligand RGZ on expression in transplantation tumor of Cholangiocarcinoma

Liang-hong WU; Nan-sheng CHENG; Fan YANG; Xian-ze XIONG; Da-peng WEI; Qing-jie XIA

2008, 28(2): 128-132.

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abstract objective: to study the effect of PPAR- ligand RGZ on expression in transplantation tumor of Cholangiocarcinoma . Method: interfere the nude mice bearing cancer of Cholangiocarcinoma with RGZ in different concentration and dosages, sacrificed them after 3 week intragastric administration. Measure the tumor volumes and weights, evaluate the relative tumor volume, relative tumor increasing ratio T/C%; detect the expression of PPAR-冏 by RT-PCR by Real Time Fluorescent Quantitation, statistic analysis as well. Result: following the dose of RGZ raising the expression of PPAR-, while the tumor volumes, weights , the relative tumor increment ratio T/C% decrease in the transplantation tumor of Cholangiocarcinoma. Statistic treatments show there is no significance between control and low dose groups, P>0.05; but comparing with high dose group there is obvious significance, P<0.001. Conclusionin vivo,the RGZ can show obvious effect of up-regulation PPAR- expression in transplantation tumor of Cholangiocarcinoma .

Expression pattern of PGC-1α and Mfn2 in insulin resistance and recovery in rat

Dong-ming QU; Guang-yao SONG; Yu GAO; Jing WANG; Shu-guo HU; Mei HAN

2008, 28(2): 133-137.

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Objective To observe the expression pattern of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γcoactivator-1α(PGC-1α) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) in insulin resistance and recovery. To observe the changes of mitochondrial shapes and parameters in these conditions. Methods Adult Wistar rats were divided into normal control (NC) group, high-fat diet (HF) group and high-fat diet plus rosiglitazone maleate tablets (HF+RSG) group. Insulin sensitivity was tested by conscious hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp at the end of the 4th and 8th week. At the end of 8th week, the expression level of PGC-1αand Mfn2 in skeletal muscle was measured by real time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Mitochondrial shape was observed by transmission electron microscope, and the mitochondrial parameters were analyzed by Image-Pro Plus 6 software. Results The insulin resistance formed in HF and HF+RSG group after 4 weeks high-fat diet. After another 4 weeks, the insulin resistance was recovered obviously in HF+RSG group because of feeding rosiglitazone maleate tablets. The expression of PGC-1αand Mfn2 decreased in HF group, significantly different from NC group. The expression of the two gene increased in HF+RSG group, significantly different from HF group. But compared with NC group, the expression of PGC-1αhad no significant difference. The expression of Mfn2 was still lower and significantly different from NC group. The mitochondrial shape and parameters had obvious changes in HF group. Conclusions The insulin resistance is relevant with the decrease of PGC-1αand Mfn2 expression, and also involve changes of mitochondria.

Screening of stabilizing silencing MDR1 gene cell line of human breast cancer and its biological propert

Ming-yu WANG; Li-hua SONG; Xian-rang SONG; Ling WEI; Gui-yun SUN; Xing-wu WANG; Xue-fen TAN

2008, 28(2): 138-143.

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Objective To screen human breast cancer cell line of MDR1 gene silenced and compare its biological properties. Methods The lentiviral vector of expressing MDR1 gene short hairpin RNA (shRNA ) was produced by BLOCK-iT Lentiviral RNAi Expression System and transducted into human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and corresponding doxorubicin-resistant human breast cancer cell line MCF-7/ADM, which were selected subsequently with Blasticidin and MDR1 gene silenced cells including MCF-7/RNAi and MCF-7/ADM/RNAi were obtained. MDR1 mRNA level was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The expression and function of P-glycoprotein(P-GP) were measured by flow cytometry.The drug sensitivity was evaluated by MTT assay.Results Two stably transducted selected cell lines, MCF-7/RNAi and MCF-7/ADM/RNAi, were obtained after being selected with 10μg/ml Blasticidin for 12 days. The relative expression levels of MDR1 mRNA in four cell lines,including MCF-7、MCF-7/RNAi、MCF-7/ADM and MCF-7/ADM /RNAi were 1、0.13、17.14 and 2.01 respectively; P-GP expression levels were (1.5±0.3）％、（1.2±0.2）％、（89.4±3.6）％ and（16.3±1.9）％, respectively; the retention of cellular rhodamine 123 were （92.4±3.1）％、（90.6±4.0）％、（13.6±1.6）％、and（72.4±2.8）％,respectively.The IC50 of four cell lines for ADM were 0.90、0.92、19.61 and 4.04mg/ml,respectively.Conclusions The data indicate that MDR1 gene stably silenced by lentivirals vector can effectively reverse multidrug resistance of human breast cancer cells.

C-terminal structures of human hematopoiotic synergistic factor and its chemotaxis activity

Si LUO; Ke-gong YANG; Chang-zhen LIU; Yan-chun DENG; Lin SU; Yan KONG; Song-sen CHEN

2008, 28(2): 144-148.

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Objective To study the relationship between the C-terminal structure of hHSF and its chemotaxis activity. Methods The artificial DNA fragments encoding three C terminal truncated hHSF analogs were obtained by PCR,then cloned into the vector pET30a or pET42a,recpectivelly,and expressed in E.coli BL21（DE3）with IPTG induction,subsequently.hHSF1-66 and hHSF1-59 were purified by gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography and subjected to refolding. hHSF1-53 was purified by affinity gel chromatography, EK cleavage,and gel filtration. The molecular weight of three hHSF analogs and its immunity were measured by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy and Western blot respectivelly. The chemotaxis activity of hHSF and its mutants for human neutroplil was detected by Boyden chamber method with modification. Results The sequences of hHSF1-66,hHSF1-59 and hHSF1-53 were correct as shown by gene sequencing. The expression level of hHSF1-66 and hHSF1-59 was about 20% of total cell proteins,which is major in inclusion bodies form. The yield of fusion protein GST-hHSF1-53 is over 30% of total cell proteins, most of which is soluble.The purifity of target proteins was over 95%. The molecular weight of hHSF1-66,hHSF1-59 and hHSF1-53 was 7206.0,6401.2 and 5697.3,respectively and had hHSF immuno-activity. In comparison with the full length hHSF,the maxium chemotaxis activity(50nmol/L) of hHSF1-66 (less 3 residues) and hHSF for their ability to stimulate human PMN was no significantly difference . But the maxium chemataxis activity of hHSF1-59 (less 10 residues) and hHSF1-53 (less 16 residues,α-helix) was decreased 34.3% and 70.5% ,respectively. Conclusion The α-helix at C-terminus of hHSF is important for the stabilization of its molecular stereo-conformation.

Akt mediates new-born cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by hydrogen peroxide

Song-dan GAO; Hong-wei LI; Ai-ling LI; Rei-juan XIU

2008, 28(2): 149-152.

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Objective To investigate the effect of Akt on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by hydrogen peroxide(H2O2). Methods The neonatal rat cardiomyocytes cultured in primary generation were treated with low concentrations of H2O2. The cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was evaluated by the determination of average cell volume and protein content.The effccts of Akt inhibitor on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by H2O2 was observed. Western blot was performed to examine the phosphorylation of Akt induced by H2O2. Results H2O2 at 10 or 50 μmol/L stimulated cardiomyocyte enlargement as measured by cell volume and the protein content per cell.The inhibitor of Akt inhibited the hypertrophic response of cardiomyoctes stimulated by H2O2. H2O2 increased the level of Akt phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes, while that is suppressed by the inhibitors of PI3K(phosphoinositide 3-kinase). Conclusion Akt signaling is involved in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by H2O2.

Apoptosis of human colon cancer cells induced by SFPS in vitro

Jin-xing CHEN; Xi-cheng HU; Wei YANG; Jian QIAN

2008, 28(2): 153-159.

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Objective Human colon cancer cells (lovo and RKO) were chose to study the anti-tumor effects of SFPS. Methods Inhibition of the cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. SFPS inducing-apoptosis of lovo and RKO cells was observed by electron microscopy and flow cytometry. Results The potential of SFPS in inhibiting lovo and RKO cells viability was assessed by MTT assay. SFPS exhibited significantly antiproliferative activity which depended on dosage. Morphological examination showed chromosomal condensation, karyotheca margination, cell shrinkage and the presence of apoptosis bodies by electron microscopy. The overall effect of SFPS on the cell cycle distribution was examined by using flow cytometry. However, we also found that SFPS could arrest the human colon cancer cell line RKO at G0/G1 phase, and the RKO cells at S phase decreased significantly, while no changes of cell cycle distribution in SFPS treated lovo cells were observed. Conclusions SFPS may induce the apoptosis of lovo and RKO cells in vitro through anti-tumor proliferation.

Expression of hTERT and its relationship with DNA content and cell proliferation cycle in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Ying ZHANG; Jian-wen GUO; Jian-hui LIU; Lian-fu ZUO; Yan-ping WU; Juan XUE

2008, 28(2): 160-163.

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Objective To study the expression of hTERT protein and its relationship with DNA content and cell proliferation cycle in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Expression of hTERT was examined by immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry was used to detect hTERT , DNA content and proliferation index. Rsults ①Positive rates and FI of hTERT in cancinoma were significantly higher than that in paracancerous group (P<0.01). ②DI and heteroploid percent in carcinoma showed generally higher than that in paracancerous group (P<0.05), PI in carcinoma was markedly higher than that in paracancerous group (P<0.01). Conclusions Over expressed hTERT, increased DNA content and elevated proliferation index are associated with esophageal epithelial carcinogenesis and malignant progressing.

Genotyping of Escherichia coli and Klebsieua pneumoniae producing Extended Spectrum β-lactamases in jilin area of china

Jian LI; Ai-lin WANG; Xiao-mei ZHANG; Li-juan SU

2008, 28(2): 164-166.

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Objective To study the genotype of strains producing ESBLs among Escherichia coil and Klebsieua pneumoniae to provide references for the clinical application of　drugs. Methods PCR was used to determine the genotype of the ESBLs .Results The percentage of TEM type, SHV type and NO-TEM-NO-SHV type in Escheroichia coil was 80.4%, 7.8% and 11.8%，in Klebsieua pneumoniae was 78.1%, 71.9% and 25.0%. Most of Klebsieua pneumoniae produced more than two Extended Spectrum β-lactamases 。Conclusions the differences in genotype has the regional characteristics.

Studies of the RPTC Cells Toxicity Induced by Cisplatin and Bcl-2 Anti-Apoptosis Mechanism

Le-ping FENG; Wei QIAO; Dong ZHANG

2008, 28(2): 167-171.

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【Abstract】 Objective To study the mechnism of toxicity by cisplatin on RPTC cell line and Bcl-2 anti-apoptosis mechanism with transfection of different mutant Bcl-2 in vitro. Methods RPTC cell was translocated with different mutant Bcl-2(s). The cell apoptosis induced by cisplatin on RPTC ce11 were analyzed with confocal and flurencent microscope.the cell apoptosis was measured with Hoechst33258 after treated with cisplatin. Results Different mutant Bcl-2（Bcl-acta，Bcl-cb5）were translocated on mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) respectively.Bcl-acta can protect RPTC cell from apoptosis easily more than Bcl-cb5 group in time-dependant manner by cisplatin treated (P<0.05). Conclusion Cisplatin can induced RPTC cell apoptosis obivously by mitochondrial signaling payhway and Bcl-2 have protect more RPTC cell from apoptosis in mitochondrial manner other than in ER.

Effects of arsenic trioxide on the biological characteristics of multiple

Fan-mei GE; Qing-xian BAI; Yan-hui GAO; Yan-xiang LIU

2008, 28(2): 172-176.

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Objective To investigate the effect of arsenic trioxide(As2O3) on the biology characteristics of multiple myeloma RPMI8226 cells in vitro and the molecular mechanism. Methods Employing multiple myeloma RPMI8226 cells for experiments target, cell cycle, apoptotic peak , and adhesion molecular VLA4(CD49d) were determinded by flow cytometry. Expression of CXCR4 gene was examined by RT-PCR. Expression of death receptor DR4 and DR5 were measured by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Results Five μmol .L-1 As2O3 up-regulated DR4 and DR5 expression on RPMI8226 cells markedly (P<0.01), down-regulated CXCR4 gene and VLA4 expression.Flow cytometry showed that the proportion of G1 cells were increased with appearance of apoptosis peak. Conclusions As2O3 induced apoptosis of multiple myeloma RPMI8226 cells in vitro. It may be dependent on the over-expression of death receptor DR4、DR5 and the down-regulated VLA4. As2O3 inhibited CXCR4 expression of RPMI8226 cells, Thereby it effected activity on RPMI8226 cells from proliferation, migration and imigration.

Optimization for differentiation of P19 cells to cardiomyocytes in vitro

Xiao-shan YUE; Masato NAGAOKA; Toshihiro AKAIKE; Zhao WANG

2008, 28(2): 177-180.

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Objective Evaluating important factors which have effects on cardiomyocyte differentiation to optimize differentiation efficiency. Methods Hanging drop method or 96-well plate method was used to induce aggregates. DMSO was used to induce cardiomyocyte differentiation of P19 cells. Beating cells were detected with microscopy and cardiomyocyte specific protein Troponin T was examined by immunostaining. RT-PCR was applied to evaluating the expression of cardiomyocyte related genes. Results Compared with Hanging drop method, 96-well plate method had better effect for aggregate formation and adhesion. Adding DMSO improved aggregates integrity. Seeding concentration of 1x104~2x105 cells/ml caused the most effective differentiation. Troponin T immunostaining could be observed before cells started beating. Conclusion By optimizing the method for aggregates formation, differentiation inducing chemicals and cell seeding concentration, it is possible to improve cardiomyocyte differentiation effect of P19 cells. This might provide us a way for cardiomyocyte differentiation with high efficiency.

Clinical analysis of eight cases with pelvic lipomatosis

Quan LI; Rui-tong GAO; Xue-mei LI

2008, 28(2): 181-184.

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Objective To improve the understanding of pelvic lipomatosis. Methods The clinical features of eight patients (all males, aged 26-64years) with pelvic lipomatosis who were admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1983 to November 2006 and the clinical and pathologic features, treatment and prognosis were analyzed. The course of disease before admission was（95±82）months, The time of follow-up was（15±32）months, five cases performed upper tract urinary diversion, one case performed urinary tract diversion and received steroids, one case received steroids treatment. Result Four cases had cystitis glandularis, Frequency and urgency of micturition were observed in three cases. Dysuria in three cases, hematuria in three cases, and hypertension in five cases were present during the course of disease. Renal insufficiency was observed all of eight cases (Mean Ccr were 76±18ml/min). All cases had abnormal features in their image investigation, which indicated excessive pelvic fat directly or indirectly. Six cases had upper tract distention. Four cases underwent pelvic tissue biopsy. The result of biopsy was fat-vessel tissue. Their symptoms，not renal function, were relieved after treatment。Conclusion The symptoms of pelvic lipomatosis are atypical, they had renal insufficiency, and their diagnosis mainly depends on image investigation and pathologic examination.

MR diagnosis in chronic pancreatitis

Zhou-hui ZHANG; Kun TENG; A-ying WANG; Hai-ming LIU

2008, 28(2): 185-188.

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Objective To evaluate the accuracy of MRI diagnosis and its clinical value with multi-MR imaging techniques. Methods Clinical , pathologic and MRI findings were retrospectively reviewed in 25 cases with chronic pancreatitis. The MRI manifestations included pancreatic morphology and volume changes, signal features, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and MRCP. The MRI techniques included: both before and after Gd-DTPA enhancement FS FLASH T1WI, FLASH TIWI, HASTE T2WI and MRCP. Results The characteristic signs in diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis included: diffuse enlargement of the body ;hypointense on T1WI FS ; dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI ,the lesion and normal area always enhanced at the same time; pancreatic duct dilated like a string of beads which passed through the lesion, which were shown by MRCP. Conclusion MRI can detect chronic pancreatitis earlier than CT ,as well as it can display pancreatic duct and pseudo-cysts , it is of great value in diagnosing chronic pancreatitis.

The Dynamic Changes of Phosphorylation of JNK in Lung Tissues from Asthma Rats

Li LIN; Chang-chong LI; Miao-shang SU; Xiao-jun GUAN; Wei-xi ZHANG; Xiao-li WANG; Yun-chun LUO

2008, 28(2): 189-190.

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Abastract：Objective To explore the dynamic changes and significance of phosphorylated c-Jun N－terminal kinase (P-JNK) in lung tissues of asthma rats. Methods Eighty male SD rats were randomly divided into the control group(group C) and asthma group(group A). According to the different phase time after the last challenge, the latter included animals with asthma for 0.5h、1h、2h、3h、6h、12h、24h. The histopathology and ultrastructure changes of pulmonary tissues were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope(TEM). The total brochial wall thickness (Wat) and the airway smooth muscle thickness(Wam) were measured by image analysis system. The protein expression of P-JNK in lung tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC) and Western blotting. Results HE staining of lung tissues from group A showed EOS infiltration, TEM showed basement membrane thickening, collagen proliferation. Wat and Wam in group A (to choose A1h) were significantly increased. The dynamic expression of P-JNK in group A lung tissues: the amounts of P-JNK were increased at the 0.5h(P＜0.01), temporarily decreased at the 2h, and significantly elevated up to peak at 3-6 h, then decreased at the 12h and retured to near baseline at the 24 h(P＞0.05). Conclusion The dynamic expressions of P-JNK in rats lung tissues of group A show that a course from fluctuatory elevation to recovery after OVA challenge, which implies that phosphrylation of JNK plays an important role in asthma airway inflammation and airway remodeling.

Protective effect of ischemic postconditioning on cardiocyte ultrastructure and apoptosis during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion rats

Jun FANG; Liang-long CHEN; Li-ming WU; Hua-hua CUI; Shao-jie ZHANG

2008, 28(2): 191-193.

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Co-cultured with CIK cells decreases MDR-1 gene expression in endritic cell differiated from K562/ADR cells

Dong-xia JIANG; Hong XU; Jie-ying HU; Lin HE; Ling MAI; Sheng-li YANG; Yong-ping SONG

2008, 28(2): 194-195.

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Expression of the IgA and interleukin-6mRNA on intestinal tissues of Rats with obstructive jaundice

Xu JIANG; Zhe-hao LI; Xiao-fang ZHAI; Feng-kui CUI

2008, 28(2): 196-197.

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Objective To investigate the significance of altered intestinal immunoglobulin(Ig)A and interleukin(IL)-6mRNA expression in obstructive jaundice. Methods Forty-eight mail Wistar Rats were divided randomly into shame-operation(SO) group and obstructive jaundice(OJ) group. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of IL-6mRNA, IgA in intestinal tissues; and the level of endotoxin in portal vein were detected. Results: The quantity of IgA+, IL-6mRNA+ cells in OJ group were lower than the SO group (P<0.01). And in OJ group the quantity of IgA+, IL-6mRNA+ cells were lessoned with the length of the day (P<0.05). The correlation between quantity of IgA+ cells and the endotoxin level in portal vein was negative (r=-0.906, P<0.01). The correlation between the quantity of IL-6mRNA+ cells and the endotoxin level in portal vein was negative(r=-0.891, P<0.01). Conclusion lower-regulation of IgA and IL-6mRNA expression in the intestinal tissues of rats with obstructive jaundice could impair the function of barrier of intestinal mucosa and it is another reason of induced enterotoxemia.

Progress on anti-HBV infection by RNA interference

Liang PENG; Hong CAO

2008, 28(2): 198-200.

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The infection of HBV could cause acute and chronic hepatitis B, and it may lead to hepatocirrhosis and liver cancer eventually. As a defend mechanism of organism to resist external infection, the RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for us to study its effects on antiviral infection and gene therapy in recent years. In this article we will summarize the mechanisms of RNA interference and the progress on anti-HBV infection studies by RNAi.

Single nucleotide polymorphism and complex skin disorder

Jian-feng WANG; Yan-hua LIANG; Xue-jun ZHANG; Sen YANG

2008, 28(2): 201-205.

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With the acceleration of the international Hapmap project and the development of high-throughput genotyping platforms in recent years, SNPs has been widely applied in the genetic studies of complex disease. Because of the preponderant characteristics of large quantity, wide distribution, high density and low mutations, SNPs has been used in genome-wide linkage analysis and association studies, and provides potential ways in distinguishing the population variation and identifying the susceptibility genes, risky haplotype, targeted drug and individual treatment of complex skin disorders. Here, we present a review in the advance of SNP application in complex skin diseases.

Polydipsia,polyuria,development stasis adn thyroid enlargement

Li JIAO Xiao HAN

2008, 28(2): 206-208.

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