Basic & Clinical Medicine

Increased phosphorylation of p38MAPK in the brain of hypoxic preconditioned mice

2007, 27(5): 481-484.

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Objective To explore the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in the development of cerebral hypoxic preconditioning. Method Healthy adult male BALB/C mice weighing18~20g were randomly divided into 7 groups as follows: normoxic control (H0), early (H1~H4) and delayed (H5 and H6) hypoxic preconditioned mice groups. SDS-PAGE, Western blot and Gel Doc imagine systems were applied to quantitatively analyze the levels of p38MAPK phosphorylation and protein expression in the brain of mice. Results We found that the phosphorylation levels of p38MAPK increased in cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of mice both from early (H1-H4) and delayed (H5 and H6) hypoxic preconditioned groups, and the statistic significance (P<0.05, n=6 for each group) could find in cortex and hippocampus of mice from H2~H6, and hypothalamus of mice from H3~H6 groups in comparison to H0 (n=6), respectively. However, there were no significant changes in p38MAPK protein expression in cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of hypoxic preconditioned mice from H1-H6 groups when compared with H0 (n=6). Conclusion These results suggest that the increased phosphorylation (activation) of p38MAPK, not protein expression, might be involved in the development of cerebral hypoxic preconditioning of mice.

The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in a mouse macula densa cell lines and 、p44/42、AP-1 signal transduction

2007, 27(5): 485-489.

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Objective To elaluate the involvement of p44/42 kinase(Erk)、AP-1 in the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a mouse macula densa derived cell line (MMDD1 cells). Methods MMDD1 cells were transfected with luciferase reporter plasmid containing AP-1. Luciferase reporter assay were studied in normal salt(NS) and low salt(LS) medium; the expression of c-Jun、c-Fos were analyzed as well by Western Blotting. RT-PCR and Western Blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of COX-2. Expressions of total and phosphorylated Erk were analyzed by Western Blotting in LS solution. The contents of PGE2 in the supernatant were examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Phosphorylated Erk were markedly increased by LS treatment. The up-regulated COX-2 protein expression with LS were reduced with PD-98059 (Erk inhibitiors) at 20μM，PGE2 release were down-regulated as well. Luciferase activity of AP-1 were stimulated in LS, the up-regulated luciferase activity of AP-1 were attenuated by curcumin at 20μM (AP-1 inhibitor). The expression of c-Jun、c-Fos were increased as well. Low salt medium altered COX-2 mRNA abundance and protein expression were decreased in treatment with curcumin at 20μM. Conclusions Low salt induces the expression of COX-2 in MMDD1 cells，involves the activation of Erk 、AP-1 pathways.

Expression of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 in Rats Pancreas and other Visceral Tissues

2007, 27(5): 490-494.

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Objective This study was to investigate the expression of angiotensin -converting enzyme 2(ACE2) in rat exocrine and endocrine tissue of pancreas and compare its expression level to other visceral tissues. Methods The expressions of ACE2 in rats visceral organs (pancreas, lung, liver, kidney, heart, intestinal tract, bladder and spleen) were detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results ACE2 was positively expressed in all the studied tissues, including pancreas, heart, liver, kidney, lung,spleen, duodenum, ileum and bladder. The expression of ACE2 mRNA was detected in whole pancreas and ACE2 protein was detected in both endocrine tissue and exocrine tissue of rat pancreas, while in the endocrine tissue ACE2 protein was expressed much weaker. Conclusions ACE2 was comprehensively present in rat visceral organs, providing possible routes of entry for the SARS-CoV. Our data demonstrated a tissue specific pattern of ACE2 expression in rat pancreas and this indicated ACE2 may be present in islet of pancreas of human, which may cause the elevation of blood glucose levels in SARS patients. Since ACE2 works as a negative regulator of the angiotensin system, the expression of ACE2 protein in endocrine tissue of pancreas may give us more clue for the treatment of diabetes.

Effect of gene gun transduction of Kras Antisense gene on the expression of Kras p21 protein in human pancreatic carcinoma cells

2007, 27(5): 495-498.

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Objective To investigate the effect of gene gun transduction of Kras Antisense gene on the expression of Kras p21 protein in human pancreatic carcinoma cells.Methods Kras Antisense gene was transduced into pancreatic carcinoma cells by gene gun transduction, the expression of Kras p21 protein on BxPC-3、AsPC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic carcinoma cells line were observed by western blot and immunocytochemistry staining. Result The expression of Kras p21 protein in AsPC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic carcinoma cells was lower obviously after transduction of mutation specific Kras Antisense gene. Conclusion Gene gun transduction of Kras Antisense gene can significantly down-regulate the expression of Kras p21 protein in AsPC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic carcinoma cells, which can be an effective gene trerapy method in treating pancreatic carcinoma.

The analysis of blood pressure and its related factors in children and adolescent from hebei province

2007, 27(5): 499-504.

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Objectives To investigate the distribution of blood pressure (BP) in healthy children and adolescent from Hebei province and further discuss the correlation between BP and sex, age, and growth indexes (including height, weight and BMI etc). Methods To select randomly people to be investigated from 2 cities and 2 countries in Hebei by stratified sampling. BP values and its related indexes in 5268 healthy children and adolescent aged 10~18 years old were examined and analyzed. Results BP increased with age in children and adolescent. BP values in the young of cities were significantly higher than that of countries (p<0.001), especially diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The prevalence of high BP in males and females was 7.5% and 6.8, respectively. And the total percentage of high BP was 7.2%. These were all higher than those reported before. Systolic BP (SBP), DBP, weight and BMI of children and adolescent in high BP group were all significantly higher than those of the same sex and age in normal BP group (p<0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed positive correlation between BP and age, height, weight and BMI, of which correlation coefficients of BP and height and weight for males and BP and weight for females were higher compared with others. Conclusion The total prevalence of high BP was higher than that reported before in the same region ; High weight or obese children and adolescent should control their weight to reduce the risk of primary hypertension.

Intracerebroventricular administration of adrenomedullin activtes area postrema neurons in sino-aortic denervated rats

2007, 27(5): 505-508.

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Objective To examine the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of adrenomedullin (AM) on the expression of Fos and the spontaneous electrical activity of area postrema (AP) neurons in sino-aortic denervated rats. Methods Using immunohistochemistry for Fos and extracellular recording technique, to determine the expression of Fos and the spontaneous electrical activity of AP neurons in male Sprague-Dawley rats, respectly. Results Following Intracerebroventricular administration ofAM (1 nmol/kg, 3 nmol/kg), Fos-like immunoreactive (Fos-LI) 基金项目：河北省教育厅科研项目（2005101） neurons and the discharge rate of AP neurons were markedly increased. Pretreatment with calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) receptor antagonist CGRP8-37 (30 nmol/kg) significantly reduced the effects of AM (3 nmol/kg). Conclusions AM may activate the neurons in AP via CGRP receptors.

Study on the role of SREBP-1C and GRP-94 on hepatocytes lipids metabolize

2007, 27(5): 509-513.

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Objective To explore the expressions of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1C (SREBP-1C) and glucose-regulated protein 94（GRP-94）in hyperhomocysteinmia and evaluate the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins on hepatocytes lipids metabolize. Methods After hyperhomocysteinmia C57BL/6 mice model being induced by high methionine diet , the levels of TGE and CHO of Hepatocytes were determined, and the expressions of SREBP-1C and GRP-94 were assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot. All data were compared to control group's. Results The levels of plasmic homocysteine(Hcy) and hepatocytes TGE or CHO of high methionine diet mice at different time point were significantly ascended（P<0.05, vs 0 week）. But the plasmic TGE and CHO levels had no change.The expressions of rnRNAs and proteins of GRP-94 and SREBP-1C at different time point after mice being administrated high methionine diet were higher than that of at 0 week（P<0.05）. Conclusion It suggests that Hcy-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress causes the expression change of SREBP-1C and GRP-94, the dysregulation of the endogenous sterol response pathway .

The effect of basic fibroblast growth facor during inducing the differentiantion of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyogenic cells in vitro

2007, 27(5): 514-520.

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Objective To study the potential of bFGF to promote human bone marrow derived MSCs to differentiate into cardiomyogenic cells, and its effect on proliferation of MSCs. Methods MSCs isolated from adult human bone marrow were cultured in four different systems. Group A: medium with 5-aza. Group B: medium with bFGF. Group C: medium with 5-aza＋bFGF. Control group: medium alone. The morphological changes of MSCs were observed. Then immunocytochemistry staining against α-actin，cTnT，and Connixin43 was performed. The expression of Nkx2.5, GATA-4 and cTnT was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. And the proliferation of MSCs in different groups was measured by MTT. Results The MSCs in both group A and C partially differentiated into myogenic cells and expressed proteins of α-actin，cTnT，and connixin43. In group A and group C, the mRNA levels of Nkx2.5、GATA-4 and cTnT were higher than that of control group. In group B, the mRNA levels of Nkx2.5 and GATA-4 were higher than that of control group. Compared with the control group, the proliferation of cells was faster in group B but slower in group A and C. And the proliferation was faster in group C than in group A. Conclusions bFGF can promote the proliferation of MSCs significantly. When combining with 5-aza, bFGF can promote MSCs to differentiate into cardiomyogenic cells more effectively.

Association between the SUR1 Ser1369Ala polymorphism and the efficacy of sulfonylurea

2007, 27(5): 521-524.

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Objective To investigate the association between a missense mutation (T/G, Ser 1369 Ala) in exon 33 of sulfonylurea receptor 1(SUR1) gene in type 2 diabetes patients and the glucose-lowering effect of Gliclazide. Methods 104 type 2 diabetes patients were selected and administered with Gliclazide orally for 56 days. Venous fasting plasma glucose levels (FPG), plasma glucose levels half an hour after taking 75g glucose (OGH) and two hours (OGT) after taking Gliclazide were measured. Ser1369Ala polymorphism genotypes(TT, TG, GG) of SUR1 gene were determined by Taqman method. 104 patients were grouped based on their different genotypes. The glucose-lowering effect of Gliclazide was compared among different groups. If FPG ★通讯作者：yangjk@trhos.com was reduced more than 20%, we took it as effective. People whose blood sugar level was effectively reduced and not effectively reduced were compared to see whether their genotype groups were different. Results The percent change of FPG，OGH and OGT on day one and day 57 among TT，TG and GG genotype groups had no statistically significant difference. Patients carrying one or two copies of the G allele displayed significantly larger percent decrease values of FPG (P＜0.05) compared with patients carrying the TT genotype. There was no statistically significant difference of the efficacy of Gliclazide in recessive model (TT+TG vs.GG). The combination of TG and GG was more effective in reducing blood sugar level than TT. Conclusion Patients carrying one or two copies of the G allele were more sensitive to Gliclazide than patients carrying T allele.

Expressions in Fas -mediated apoptosis and their significant in esophageal carsinogenesis

2007, 27(5): 525-529.

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Objective To investigate the effects of the gene expressions of Fas、Fasl 、Fadd and caspase8 in esophageal carsinogenesis Methods Immunohistochemical method was applied to detect the expression of Fas、Fasl、Fadd and caspase8 proteins in esophageal epithelium. In situ hybridization method was applied to detect the expression of Fadd and caspase8 mRNA in esophageal epithelium. Results The positive rates of Fas , Fadd and caspase8 proteins and Fadd 、caspase8 mRNA were decreased from normal epithelium to dysplasia and carcinoma tissues gradually. The positive rates of Fasl protein were increased from normal epithelium to dysplasia and carcinoma tissues gradually. There was very significant statistical difference between carcinoma and normal epithelium(p<0.05). The expression of Fas、Fasl and caspase8 was correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation(p<0.05). Conclusion The abnormal expression of Fas and Fasl maybe relate with the pathogenesis of esophageal carcinoma and is also involved in the degree of differentiation and the immune escape. Fadd and caspase8 expression maybe plays an important role in esophageal carsinogenesis.

p38/caspase-3 mediated MEF2C pathway involved in the injuries of hippocampal CA1 region of rats following ischemia/reperfusion

2007, 27(5): 530-534.

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Objective To investigate the levels of MEF2C phosphorylation (activation) and protein expression, and further clarify the possible mechanism following ischemia-reperfusion in hippocampal CA1 region of rat Methods Brain ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion in SD rats. Protein levels were determined by using Western blotting. Results MEF2C was significantly activated with a peak at 6h of reperfusion, but its protein expression level decreased in the late phase of reperfusion (3-5d). The elevation of activated (17 ka) and the inactivated forms (32 ka) of caspase-3 proteases were remarkable during 1-5d of reperfusion. In addition, Ac-DEVD-CHO, a specific inhibitor of caspase-3, could up-regulate MEF2C protein level of 3d reperfusion. SB202190 (an inhibitor of p38), but not ERK5-antisense oligonucleotides, not only inhibited MEF2C activation of 6h reperfusion but also apparently prevented the increase of caspase-3 activation caused by 3d reperfusion. Conclusion p38/caspase-3 mediated MEF2C pathway may involved in the injuries of hippocampal CA1 region of rats following ischemia/reperfusion.

Decreased expression of cytokeratin-19 after acute pulmonary embolism in rats

2007, 27(5): 535-538.

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Objective To study the expression changes of cytokeratin-19 (CK-19) and its cleavage product CYFRA21-1 in the lung tissues of a rat acute pulmonary embolism (PE) model. Methods We constructed a rat acute PE model and collected the samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The mRNA level changes of CK-19 were identified by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and the protein level changes of it were validated by western blot methods. The immunohistochemical method was employed to study the distribution and expression changes of CK-19 in the lung tissues after PE. The serum and BALF concentrations of CYFRA21-1 were determined by RIA methods. The saturation of arterial blood oxygen (SaO2) was evaluated. Results The mRNA and protein expression levels of CK-19 decreased gradually after acute PE. CK-19 was expressed mainly in the bronchial epithelia and alveolar epithelia and down-regulated obviously. The serum and BALF concentrations of CYFRA21-1 increased obviously compared with controls and the levels of SaO2 had an obvious decreasing trend. Conclusion The acute PE not only reduced the expression of CK-19 but also enhanced its catabolism. So the determination of its fragment CYFRA21-1 can play an important role in the judgment of severity and prognosis of acute PE.

Anti-IL-5 monoclony antibody inhibits the Migration of Eosinophil in a murine model of Asthma

2007, 27(5): 539-543.

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Objective To study the effect of anti-IL-5 monoclony antibody (TRFK-5) in migration of Eos from BM to the airways in sensitized mice. Methods Male C57BL/6 (6-8wk of age) murine model of Asthma and control group were produced with usual method. The outcome measurements include white blood cell (WBC) total count and differential count of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood (PB), nuclear cell count and eosinophil percentage of BM. These parameters were collected 12h after the final allergen challenge. To show Eos infiltration, the histology of lung tissues was also observed. Further, the effects of intranasal TRFK-5 on above changes were investigated. Results Eosinophil numbers of BALF, PB, BM and the infiltration of Eos in lung tissues were increased considerably 12h after final OVA challenge compared with negative group（P<0.01, P<0.05）. TRFK-5 decreases the above changes considerably（P<0.05, P<0.01）. Conclusion TRFK-5 inhibits the migration of eosinophil in a murine model of Asthma.

Influence of diabetes on ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediated cellular cholesterol efflux

2007, 27(5): 544-548.

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Objective In order to understand the changes of cellular cholesterol efflux and the functional changes of ABCA1 on macrophage of diabetes. Methods High energy diet was given to golden hamster to make animal model of hyperlipidemia. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (30mg/kg). Normal animal was used as control. Macrophages were isolated and incubated with apoA-I or 8-br-cAMP in vitro. Cellular cholesterol content was determined before and after treatments with HPLC. Result Intracellular cholesterol content: diabetic animals exceed high energy diet fed animals and normal controls. Expression of ABCA1 mRNA was upregulated in diabetic group after incubation with apoA-I and cAMP. When macrophages were incubated with apoA-I, cholesterol efflux increased with the prolongation of incubation time. The amount of intracellular cholesterol efflux in 3 groups of animals showed the following relationship: diabetic animals exceed high energy diet fed animals, and the latter exceeds normal animals. Conclusion Intracellular lipid efflux depends largely on the presence of extracellular apoA1 as well as membrane ABCA1 protein. The deposition of cholesterol in the macrophage of diabetic and insulin resistant animals may be related to the characteristic changes of quantity and function of apoA1 in these animals.

5-aza induces ES cells to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro

2007, 27(5): 549-552.

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Objective To investigate the feasibility of inducing ES cells into cardiomyocytes by 5-azacytidine (5-aza) in vitro. Method P19 cells were seeded into 24 well plates or culture dishes containing a thin layer of agar. After exposed to 5-aza of 5μmol/L for 7 days, the cells were cultured without 5-aza. The beating of cells was observed under inverted phase contrast microscope. Transmission electron microscopy, immunocyochemistry test and RT-PCR analysis were also used to identify cell differentiation. Result Combination 5-aza treatment and suspension culture can induce P19 cells differentiate toward spontaneously contracting cardiomyocytes. The cells expressed cardiomyocyte specific GATA-4、α-MHCmRNA and α-sarcomeric actin、cTnT protein. The myofiber inside the cells was shown by transmission electron microscopy. Conclusion 5-aza can induce ES cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes in vitro by exposure to 5-aza. The method of suspension culture was suitable to cardiomyocyte differentiation.

Hyperoxia down-regulates lung aquaporin5 expression in premature rats

2007, 27(5): 553-556.

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Objective To explore the expression of lung Aquaporin5 (AQP5) in premature rats and after inhaling hyperoxia. Methods Gestation 21 day Sprague-Dawley(SD) fetuses (term=22 day) were randomly assigned to control group and hyperoxia group within 12h～24 h after birth. Hypreoxia group was exposed to about 85% oxygen and control group in room air. After 1 to 14 days of exposure, lung tissue was extracted and AQP5 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry and western-blot were used to detect AQP5 protein. Results The expression of lung AQP5 in premature rats increased persistently after birth, and the positive staining was restricted to the typeⅠalveolar epithelial cells. Compared with control group, the AQP5 mRNA in hyperoxia group of day 1 increased significantly (P <0.05 ), but after exposure to hyperoxia for 4 to 14 days, the AQP5 expression decreased remarkedly in mRNA and protein level (P <0.05 or P <0.01). Conclusion By regulating the lung water balance, AQP5 may play a key role in the alveolar period of premature rats. Hyperoxia down-regulated the AQP5 expression, this may be an important factor for the development of hyperoxia lung injury.

Inhibition of ursolic acid on COX-2 expression of human gastric cancer cells

2007, 27(5): 557-560.

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Objective The study investigates the inhibitory role of ursolic acid on COX-2 expression of human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901. Methods The anti-proliferation effect of ursolic acid towards SGC-7901 and effect of exogenous prostaglandins E2 on cell proliferation were determined by MTT assay; Western blot assay was used to determine expression of COX-2 protein; The effect of ursolic acid on PGE2 production in SGC-7901 cells were determined by radioimmunoassay（RIA）. Results Ursolic acid could inhibit the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells in a time-response and concentration-response manner; This role could not be invert in the presence of exogenously added prostaglandin E2; COX-2 protein level was decreased by ursolic acid and then PGE2 production was inhibited. Conclusions Our findings indicate that ursolic acid inhibit the proliferation of SGC-7901 by inhibits COX-2 protein and PGE2 expression, suggest a possible mechanism for its chemopreventive and anticancer effects.

Ubnormal colonic electricity activity and motion of visceral hypersensitivity rat

2007, 27(5): 561-564.

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Objective The features was probed into by colonic electricity and motion in visceral hypersensitivity rat. Methods The experiment consists of the control series and the model series ,and the latter series were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of chicken egg albumen．After two weeks, the colon spike potential 、slow wave and the colon contraction were written and the interdigestive myoelectric complex cycle，III phase times， spike potential and slow wave propagation rate、the average largesttest amplitude were observed，and the number of the contraction 、the index of contraction were noted. Result The IMC cycle and III phase times of model group prolongs （P<0.01），and spike potential propagation rate speeds up （p<0.05），and the largesttest amplitude increases （P<0.01）.The slow wave propagation rate speeds up （p<0.05） and the largesttest amplitude increases（P<0.01）. The number of the contraction increases （p<0.05）and the index of contraction grows（p<0.05）. Conclusion There are quite difference between model group and control group in electricity and motion of visceral hypersensitivity rat.

cLONING OF HUMAN CD23 GENE AND ITS HIGH-LEVEL EXPRESSION IN hek293T cells

2007, 27(5): 565-568.

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Objective to establish an efficient CD23-expression system. Methods: Human CD23 cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR from lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood and then inserted into pcDNA3.1A expression vector to construct the pcDNA3.1/CD23 recombinant plasmid. The pcDNA3.1/CD23 plasmids were transfected into HEK293T cells and expressed CD23 protein was detected by flow cytometry and Western blot. Results: The results showed that the sequence of CD23 cDNA amplified was consistent with that previously reported. The highly efficient expression of CD23 in HEK293T cells was achieved after transfection. The high-efficiency transfection (above 80%) and high-level expression were obtained. Conclusion: The human CD23 cDNA was amplified and the high-level expression of CD23 in 293T cells was achieved.

Preliminary proteomic study on the mechanisms of the anti-myocardial ischemia of total flavone of hippophae

2007, 27(5): 569-570.

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Effects of P2Xreceprtor antagonisis on the electroardiogram changes induced by myocardial ischmia in rats

2007, 27(5): 571-572.

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Outcome of refractory Autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura treated with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

2007, 27(5): 573-576.

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Objective To explore the efficacy and immune reconstitution of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBSCT) in the treatment of refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP). Methods One patient with refractory ITP was treated with APBSCT， and the effectiveness and period of immune reconstitution were analyzed retrospectively. Results The case was mobilized by cyclophosphamide (CY) plus G-CSF and 4.7′106/kg CD34+ cell was gained totally. Neutrophil and platelet were engrafted at 11th and 12th day without severe complications following the conditioning of TBI and CY,. Although the each phenotype of the peripheral blood lymphocytes were recovered gradually 6 months after the transplant,inverted CD4/CD8 ratio exited and memory T cell was improved much earlier than na?ve T cell. The platelete count was constantly over 100′109/L and the patient was in complete remission after a follow-up of 31 months. Conclusion APBSCT maybe a effective means for refractory ITP.

Diagnosis and treatment for adrenal pheochromocytoma and adrenal ganglioneucoma

2007, 27(5): 577-579.

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To evaluate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment procedures for adrenal pheochromocytoma and adrenal ganglioneucoma.. Methods: 32 cases of adrenal pheochromocytoma and 14 cases of adrenal ganglioneucoma surgical treated between 1999-2005 are analysed, The mean age of ganglioneucoma was 39 years old (16~63). tumor size ranged from 2.5cmcm to 15cm. The mean age of pheochromocytoma was 42 years old (19~74), tumor size ranged from 2cm to 16cm. Tumor locations in the adrenal area. All cases accept surgical operation and are confirmed by pathology. Results: Most cases of adrenal ganglioneucoma do not have any symptom but are founded incidentally. Differential are obviously between ganglioneucoma and pheochromocytoma. Conclusions: Both of adrenal ganglioneucoma and pheochromocytoma are rare diseases .CT 、urinary CA and 131I－MIBG are good methods for diagnosis .The final diagnosis depend on pathology, surgical resection of tumor is the preferred choice.

Clinical Characteristics of Precocity in Boys

2007, 27(5): 580-583.

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Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of precocity in boys. Methods Retrospectively analysis of 26 cases with precocity in boys in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1988 to 2005. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), germinoma and hypothalamic hamartoma are the main causes of precocity. Clinical characteristics and hormone levels were compared among three groups. Results In 26 cases, 8 were CAH, 7 were germinoma, 5 were hypothalamic hamartoma, 3 were idiopathic precocity, 2 were adrenal adenoma, 1 was due to the complication with encephalitis. The levels of serum luteinizing hormone(LH)，follicular stimulating hormone(FSH)，total testosterone(T)，testis volume，and duration of manifestation between three groups were significantly different. Conclusion CAH, germinoma and hypothalamic hamartoma were the main causes of precocity in boys. Early diagnose is essentially important for further treatment and prognosis.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and clinical diseases

2007, 27(5): 584-587.

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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors（nAChRs） are a family of ligand-gated ion channels. nAChRs distribute extensively in central nerve system, neuromuscular junctions and surface of other cells. The differences on subunits and tissue location determinate the diversity of receptor functions. Early research has found that nerve signal transmission is its main function and recent research found it also the key receptor of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. To illuminate the physiological mechanism of these functions has great clinical significance on treatment of correlated diseases such as myasthenia gravis, epilepsy and multiple organ failure.

Role of NKG2D and its ligands in leukemia immune surveillance

2007, 27(5): 588-592.

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NKG2D, an activating immunoreceptor, plays a critical role in tumor immunity, infection immunity and autoimmune diseases. Engagement of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells by NKG2D triggers effector cells to eliminate tumor cells. This leads to the hypothesis that NKG2D-mediated cytolytic function would be one of the mechanisms of tumor immune surveillance. Recently intensive researches have shown that NKG2D ligands expressed on leukemia cells are involved in leukemia immune surveillance. This review summarizes some of recent discoveries about the roles of NKG2D and its ligands in immune surveillance and immune evasion of leukemia.

Discrimination and explanation of statistical errors in experimental designs

2007, 27(5): 593-596.

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Discrimination and explanation of statistical errors in experimental designs

2007, 27(5): 597-600.

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The main contents of experimental designs are introduced in this paper.According to the fact that some people often fail to obey the principles of control and randomization in the experimental designs and clinical trials, a great many examples using statistics containing errors or omissions in the medical research work are illustrated. It will be of benefit for the clinical doctors to improve the quality of the experimental designs by means of the discrimination and explanation of those examples.

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