Basic & Clinical Medicine

Spinohypothalamic and spinothalamic tract neurons contribute to visceral pain transmission

Xi-jing ZHANG;

2008, 28(4): 305-314.

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Vulvodynia, or chronic vulvar pain, affects 16% of women in the general population and has negative effects on numerous aspects of a woman's life. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the etiology and treatment of vulvodynia. Since relatively little research has been carried out on unprovoked generalized vulvodynia (UGVD), this review focuses on provoked vestibulodynia (PVD), a subtype of vulvodynia characterized by a severe, burning/sharp pain that occurs in response to pressure localized to the vestibule. Research examining the pathophysiology of PVD provides evidence that both peripheral (e.g., vestibular tissue abnormalities, pelvic floor hypertonicity) and central (e.g., increased neural activation) factors are involved in the development and maintenance of PVD. Additionally, psychological reactions to the pain may vary and influence the expression and course of the pain. Despite the multitude of factors involved in PVD, most treatment studies to date are unimodal in nature, retrospective, and uncontrolled. A review of treatment studies targeting peripheral (e.g., topical applications, vestibulectomy) and central (e.g., antidepressants, pain management therapy) components of PVD is provided, and the need for multimodal treatment plans which target both levels of pain processing is discussed. Given the complexity of PVD, a biopsychosocial approach is recommended for future research endeavors and treatment plans.

Vulvodynia: A review of pathophysiological factors and treatment options

Caroling F Pukall Sophie Bergeron Corrie Goldfinger

2008, 28(4): 315-330.

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Vulvodynia, or chronic vulvar pain, affects 16% of women in the general population and has negative effects on numerous aspects of a woman's life. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the etiology and treatment of vulvodynia. Since relatively little research has been carried out on unprovoked generalized vulvodynia (UGVD), this review focuses on provoked vestibulodynia (PVD), a subtype of vulvodynia characterized by a severe, burning/sharp pain that occurs in response to pressure localized to the vestibule. Research examining the pathophysiology of PVD provides evidence that both peripheral (e.g., vestibular tissue abnormalities, pelvic floor hypertonicity) and central (e.g., increased neural activation) factors are involved in the development and maintenance of PVD. Additionally, psychological reactions to the pain may vary and influence the expression and course of the pain. Despite the multitude of factors involved in PVD, most treatment studies to date are unimodal in nature, retrospective, and uncontrolled. A review of treatment studies targeting peripheral (e.g., topical applications, vestibulectomy) and central (e.g., antidepressants, pain management therapy) components of PVD is provided, and the need for multimodal treatment plans which target both levels of pain processing is discussed. Given the complexity of PVD, a biopsychosocial approach is recommended for future research endeavors and treatment plans.

Extreme conditions of the Antarctic enhanced Chinese expeditioners' lung function

Cheng-li XU; Wei-na CHEN; Li CHEN; Quan-fu XUE; Bao-shen QI; Guang-jin ZHU

2008, 28(4): 331-334.

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Objective Explore the effects of different latitude of extreme environment of the Antarctic on Chinese expeditioners' lung function. Methods Lung function was evaluated in 12 wintering expeditioners at ChangCheng station, 16 wintering expeditioners at ZhongShan station of the 20th Antarctic scientific expedition and 8 summering expeditioners at Dome-A zone of the 21th expedition before departure and after return during the period of Dec,2003-Mar,2005, using the Scope Rotary portable instrument lung function. Results Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of wintering expeditioners of ChangCheng station who stayed in Antarctica for 12 months increased 12% compared with before departure (p<0.05). Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of wintering expeditioners of ZhongShan station who stayed in Antarctica for 15 months increased 9% (p<0.05) and vital capacity (VC), inspiratory capacity (IC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), 25% forced expiratory flow (FEF25%), maximal breathes capacity (MBC) increased 7%，8%，8%，5%，9%，10% (p<0.01) respectively compared with before departure. Forced vital capacity (FVC) of 8 summering expeditioners at Dome-A of the 21th expedition who stayed at Dome-A zone (4,000 meters above sea level, average summer temperature -50℃) for 58 days increased 10% (p<0.05) compared with before departure. Conclusions Antarctica residence enhanced expeditioners' lung function. The higher of latitude was, the stronger lung function was.

Changes of Bcl-2 and Bax expression in the cortex of blast injuried rat

Dong-qing REN; Qi WANG; Tao ZHAO; Jie ZHANG; Gui-ying ZENG

2008, 28(4): 335-339.

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Objective To observe changes in the Bcl-2 and Bax gene expressions in rat brain mantle during the explosive blast injury. Methods Explosion shock was used to induce blast injury in the rat. From 12h to 96h after the blast injury, light microscope and electron microscope were used to observe the morphologic changes in rat brain mantle. Immunochemical method was used to study the changes in the expression of BCL-2 and BAX proteins in rat brain mantle, and gel electrophoresis was used to observe the changes in DNA ladder. Results During the postburst (12~96h), the increased apoptosis in brain mantle was observed by light microscope and electron microscope. The rate of BCL-2 and BAX positive cells has been the highest 24h after injury, with time their rate descending gradually in brain after the explosion. The DNA electrophoresis showed a typical ladder shape in 12h group, 24h group and 48h group. Above-mentioned changes were the most significant in 24h group. Conclusion The explosive blast injury could cause the apoptosis of some of the cerebral cortical neurons and the decline of BCL-2 /BAX rate.

In vitro differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into dopamine-like nerve cells

Li CHEN; Dong-mei HE; Xu-dong JING; Huan ZHANG; Bao-ying FANG

2008, 28(4): 340-343.

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To explore the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into dopamine nerve cells. The mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and purified by cell culture base on growth characteristics of bone marrow cells. When passed third generation, they were induced to differentiate into dopamine nerve-like cells by bFGF, Vitc and EFGF. Dopamine-associated protein and genes in the treated cells was examined by immumofluorescence method and RT-PCR. Dopamine in the supernatant and cytoplasm from culture system was determined by ELISA kit. The results show that Tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter and nerve neucleprotein and Nestin，Nurr-1 genes were found. And the dopamine exists in in the supernatant and cytoplasm from inducing culture system. It is suggested rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity of differente into dopamine nerve cells.

Application mRNA differential display in screening differential expressed genes of peripheral blood leucocyte of Uigur and Kazak patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Lin-yue ZOU; Zhao-xia ZHANG; Qiong ZHANG; Qin WEI; Zhuo-feiya

2008, 28(4): 344-348.

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Objective To search the differentially expressed genes in Uigur and Kazak patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods The differentially expressed cDNA bands were isolated by fluorescent mRNA differential display from peripheral blood leucocyte of the Uigur and Kazak patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the normal controls. After being cloned, all cDNA fragments were sequenced, then underwent sequence analysis, homogenous comparison，and Northern blot analysis. Result Z5、Z8、Z15 differentially expressed cDNA fragments were found.They were over-expressed in the normal controls and were lower or scarced in the Uigur and Kazak patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. They were selected for sequencing and hybridization. Z5、Z8 showed highly homologous to cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes，Z15 are unknown. Conclusion The three differentially expressed genes might have a relation with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Postprandial acid distributions in proximal stomach and its relationship with acid reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Da-bo XU; Xiao-hong SUN; Zhi-feng WANG; Mei-yun KE

2008, 28(4): 349-353.

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Objective: To determine the postprandial acid distributions in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and their relationship with esophageal acid exposure. Methods: Esophageal and gastric pH were recorded in a 1h fasting segment and a 4h postprandial segments using a triple-channel pH catheter with three antimony electrodes, which were positioned 5cm proximal to the upper margin of LES(LES-5cm), 5cm and 10cm distal to the upper margin of LES(LES+5cm and LES+10cm), respectively. Esophageal acid exposure and gastric integrated acidity (IA) were calculated for each ambulatory pH study. Ten healthy subjects (HS) and 10 patients with GERD were enrolled. Results: (1) Total postprandial IA had a trend to be lower at LES+5cm than at LES+10cm in HS, but there was no significant difference between the two positions in patients with GERD. (2) At 2nd hour after meal, there was no significant difference of gastric IAs between 2nd hour after meal and baseline in HS. Whereas gastric IAs in patients with GERD recovered to a higher level than baseline: LES+5cm: 5.4 (1.8-6.8) mmol/Loh vs. 1.8(0.3-3.1) mmol/Loh (P <0.05); LES+10cm: 5.6(2.4-7.6) mmol/Loh vs. 2.3(0.8-3.1) mmol/Loh, (P=0.05). (3) Excessive esophageal acid exposure occurred mainly at 2nd hour after meal both in HS and the patients, but were higher in patients than in HS. There was no statistically significant relationship between esophageal acid exposure and gastric IA on each postprandial segment in the patients with GERD and HS. Conclusion: The present study suggested that abnormal acid distribution in proximal stomach and an enhanced meal stimulated acid secretion may partly elucidates excessive postprandial esophageal acid exposure in patients with GERD.

Allopurinol attenuates collagen remodeling in non-infarcted myocardium after myocardial infarction in rats

Jun XIAO; Qiang SHE; Kai-liang LUO; Kai-shun HUANG

2008, 28(4): 354-359.

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Objective To explore the effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitors allopurinol on collagen remodeling in non-infarcted myocardium after myocardial infarction in rats．Methods Myocardial infarction models were produced by ligation of anterior descending coronary artery．The survivals were randomly divided into 3 groups：sham operation group, MI group and allopurinol group(50 mg/kg)．On the 7th , 14th , 21st and 28th day respectively , the collagen content were detected．The type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagen volume fraction(CVF) and Ⅰ/Ⅲ ratio in non-infarcted zones(NIZ) were examined with PSR staining and the mRNA expressions were detected with RT-PCR, the activities of xanthine oxidase(XO) and O2.-，.OH-scavenging in NIZ were examined by colorimetry．In addition, the expression of XO protein by Western blotting analysis and pathological change in LV were detected on the 28th day．Results Compared with sham group，the mRNA expressions, CVF of typeⅠand type Ⅲ collagen in NIZ were increased in MI group．The typeⅠ/Ⅲ ratio in NIZ was increased after decreased．The collagen content and activity of XO were boosted but the activities of O2.-, .OH-scavenging were decreased(P <0.05 or P <0.01)．Compared with MI group, the changes of these parameters above were alleviated in allopurinol group．There were no significant difference in infarct size and XO expression between allopurinol and MI group．Conclusion Allopurinol could attenuate the myocardial collagen deposition and typeⅠ/Ⅲ ratio in NIZ to improve myocardial collagen remodeling in rats after MI．

Shenhong combinged with chemotherapeutic drugs improved the curative effect on metaphase and terminal cancer patients

Ai-qiang HUANG; Hai-hong YE; Shui-ting LIANG; Shun-rong HUANG; Bi-yang LAN; Qian-zi QIN

2008, 28(4): 360-363.

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Objective To observe the effects of Shenhong (SH) combined with chemotherapeutic drugs on curative effect, symptoms improvement, and immunology function in 393 metaphase or terminal cancer patients. Methods All 598 patients were divided into two groups. One was the control group that had 205 patients treated with chemotherapeutic drugs. The other one was SH-treated group, which had 393 patients treated with SH combined with chemotherapeutic drugs that were given for 60 days. Then, the data were recorded and analyzed for all cases. Results Compared with control patients, the total remission was 42.0% in SH-treated patients. The improvement rates of pain, cough, debilitation, and anepithymia were 71.9%. The Karnofsky grade was increased by 27.0%. Besides, the CD3+ and CD4+ were increased by 11.6% and 19.3%, but CD8+ was decreased by 22.6% at the same time. The patients CD4+/ CD8+ was enhanced by 54.2%, while the NK cell activity and marophage phagocysis were improved significantly. It was also seen that the content of Ig G and Ig A were increased in the same group. Conclusion It is clear that the curative effect of SH combined with chemotherapeutic drugs were higher than that of chemotherapeutic drugs in the metaphase or terminal cancer patients. The therapeutic effect of SH is regarded as the immunology regulation.

Arsenic trioxide inhibits proliferation and its mechanism of rat synoviocyte line Stimulated with TNF-α

Hui-fang GUO; Shu-xia LIU; Yu-jun ZHANG; Lian-fu ZUO; Jian-wen GUO; Xin ZHANG

2008, 28(4): 364-369.

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Objective To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of arsenic trioxid（As2O3）on proliferation of RSC-364 synoviocyte lines stimulated with TNFα. Methods RSC-364 synoviocytes were cultured with standard medium as control group or medium supplemented with 10μg/LTNFα and different concentration As2O3 respectively. MTT assay were carried out to study cell proliferation. Proliferation index (PI) and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of High mobility group box chromosomal protein (HMGB)1. HMGB1and proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) proteins were detected by immunocytochemistry and FCM; Results ①As2O3 could inhibit proliferation of cell lines stimulated by TNFα in time-dependent and dose-dependent. ② Compared with normal group, TNFα could up-regulated HMGB1 protein and mRNA as well as PCNA protein. HMGB1 protein were not only in nuclear but also in cytoplasm by immunocytochemistry. As2O3 could down-regulated mRNA and protein of HMGB1 in a dose-dependent; so did PCNA proteins (P<0.01). ③Compared with TNFα stimulation group, G0/G1 phase cell percentage increased and G2/ M phase decreased with the increasing As2O3 concentrations. PI also remarkably decreased (P<0.01).④ There was positive correlation between HMGB1 and PCNA(r=0.946, P﹤0.001). Moreover both of them were also with positive correlation to PI (r=0.731, P﹤0.001; r=0.706 P﹤0.001). Conclusion Arsenic trioxide could inhibit synoviocyte proliferation stimulated with TNFα. which maybe correllated with down-regulating expression of HMGB1 and blocking cell cycle.

Construction of adenovirus vector with angiostatink1-5 gene and the study of the function of suppression to proliferation and migration for human vascular endothelial cells

En-ling LIU; Yu-xiu ZHOU; Ruo-ran MI; Qi-jun QIAN

2008, 28(4): 370-375.

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Objective To construct adenovirus vector with agiostatink1-5 gene and investigate the function of suppression to proliferation and migration for vascular endothelial cells.Methods With the use of gene recombination and clone technology ,we construct the adenovirus vector with the gene of angiostatin k1-5. Ad-angiostatin k1-5 was isolated from a single plaque,expanded in 293 cells and purified by cesium chloride contrifugation. In vitro vascular endothelial eclls proliferation assay and migration activity were investigated through direct infection,MTT and transwell chemotaxis assay. Results 50%TCID indicated that the condence of resultant viruses was 1.5×109PFU/mL. It was purified by CsCL banding,final yield were generally 1.1×1010 PFU/mL plaquing-forming units. Through indirect infect assay and MTT, we found angiostatin k1-5 could inhibit human vascular endothelial cells proliferation. We utilized human vascular endothelial cells to study the effect angiostatin k1-5 on cell migration ,the result showed that adenoviruse vector with angiostatin k1-5 could significantly inhibited HUVEC migration .Conclusions: We successfully constructed adenoviruse vector with angiostatin k1-5 and showed in vitro it could inhibit proliferation and migration of HUVEC.

Abscisic acid inhibits proliferation of Human hepatocarcinoma cells

Yong-gang LU; Jing TAN; Jie ZHANG; Lan-qing MA; Feng GUO; Yong-zhang GUO

2008, 28(4): 376-378.

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Objective investigate the mechanism of Depression proliferation in human hepatocarcinoma cells by Abscisic acid. Methods detect protein expression o of P53 ,Ki-67 and Cyclin D1 by immunocyte chemistry ; detect mRNA expression of P53 and telomerase by RT-PCR. Results the protein expression level of mtP53 , Cyclin D1 , Ki-67 and the mRNA expression level of mtP53 and hTERT all reduce In cells treated by ABA,HMBA and ABA+ HMBA（P<0.05）.Conclusions ABA depress proliferation of human hepatocarcinoma cell SMMC－7721 ，which mechanism is possible to regulate cell cycle and reduce protein expression of mtP53 ,Ki－67, Cyclin D1and mRNA expression of mt P53,hTERT.

Transfection of eukaryotic expression vector expressing shRNA section targeting human MCHR2 in vitro

Cheng-fu YUAN; Ge-li LIU; You-quan BU; Fa-ping YI; Yong-ping MA; Fang-zhou SONG

2008, 28(4): 379-384.

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Objective To construct eukaryotic expression vector expressing short hairpin RNA(shRNA) section targeting human MCHR2 and to observe their transfection efficiency. Methods According to the sequence of human MCHR2 gene, the oligonucleotides of shRNA were designed and synthesized and directionally cloned into plasmid pGenesil-1.The recombinant vectors were confirmed by enzyme digestion analysis and DNA sequencing. The recombinant vectors were transfected into HEK293 cell line by lipofectamineTM2000，the expression of fluorescence and efficiency of transfection were detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Results Four shRNA expressing recombinants and the corresponding negative control vector were constructed and transfected into HEK293 cells successfully and the transfection efficiency achieved about 50%. Conclusion The construction of eukaryotic expression vector expressing shRNA section targeting human MCHR2 and transfection in vitro successfully established a favourable foundation for further study on the function of MCHR2.

Blood plate with chick blood instead of sheep blood

Xiao-li DANG

2008, 28(4): 385-386.

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Evaluation of the Effect of Integrative Therapy and Influencing Factors in Patients with Intractable Constipation

Lin XU; Zhi-qiang SONG; Zhi-feng WANG; Mei-yun KE

2008, 28(4): 387-390.

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Objective: To evaluate the effect of Integrative therapy and influencing factors in patients with intractable constipation (IC). Methods: Eighty-four consecutive IC patients were divided into non overlap and overlap groups. All patients received individualized integrative therapeutic regimen for 4 weeks. The symptom scores of constipation and total effective rates were evaluated. And influencing factors of therapeutic effect in IC were analyzed. Results: (1) IC of overlap group and non overlap group accounted for 40.5% (34/84) and 59.5% (50/84) respectively. (2)The total effective rates were 50.0% and 78.0% in overlap and non-overlap group, respectively (P<0.05). (3) Thirty-seven patients received psychological assessment and 59.4% (22/37) of them had psychological dysfunctions. The total effective rates were 4.8% and 31.5% in overlap and non overlap group with psychological dysfunctions, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusions: The integrative individualized therapies were effective to relieve symptoms in patients with IC. However, overlap symptoms, and psychological dysfunction influenced the efficacy of treatment.

Aminoguanidine decreases aortic endothelium

Bin LI; Jin-sheng QI; Zhao-wei LIU; Yan-ning LI; Tao NIU

2008, 28(4): 391-393.

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Urokinase inhibeted airway remodeling in mouse model of asthma

Bai-quan YU; Yu-xia SHAO; Ying FU

2008, 28(4): 394-395.

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Inhibition of the formation of fatty plaque on rabbit's aortic intima of atorvastatin

Wen-jun HAO; Jian XU; Zhan-quan LI

2008, 28(4): 396-397.

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Dexamethasone decrease the expression of the protein and mRNA of VEGF in lung tissue of acute asthmatic rats

Xiao-hong JIN; Chang-chong LI; Chun-guo CHEN; Yun-chun LUO; Lin DONG; Shao-bo LI; Shuang-zhu WANG

2008, 28(4): 398-399.

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Application of Knock Out Mice in Research of Atherosclerosis

Jin-jie XIE; Ya YANG

2008, 28(4): 400-402.

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The ApoE and LDL-R knock out mouse may developed atherosclerosis spontaneously and were applied to research on atherosclerosis widely. On the basis of these mouse model, the model generated by gene targeting , like IL-1, C-reactive protein, scavenger receptor, IgG Fc,C1q and CD44, have played an important role in studing effects of inflammatory factor and immune factor on atherosclerosis.

Role of BAFF in system lupus erythematosus

Li-dan ZHAO; Fu-lin TANG

2008, 28(4): 403-410.

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BAFF (B cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family) is a vital ligand required for survival and differentiation of peripheral B cells. By interacting with three receptors, BAFF can promote B cell maturation and class switching, enhance humoral immunity and T cell co-stimulation. Over-expression of BAFF in mice leads to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Treating the mice model of SLE with BAFF antagonists can ameliorate disease progression and enhance survival. Moreover, in some SLE patients serum level of BAFF is elevated and correlated with serum anti-dsDNA titer. The preliminary clinical trial of anti-BAFF monoclonal antibody has shown to be safe and effective. BAFF antagonists are promising therapeutic drugs for SLE.

Factors influencing the differentiation of dopaminergic neuron in vivo and in vitro

Mei-ling CHEN; Yue-fei SHEN

2008, 28(4): 407-410.

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Abstract: Parkinson diseaseis resulted from the progressive degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra .At present,researchers study the conditions of differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in vivo and in vitro to obtain optimum conditions for their differentiation and survival, in order to afford sufficient dopaminergic neurons for cell-replacement therapy in Parkinson diseaseis. This review focuses on the influential factors of neural stem cells differentiate into dopaminergic neurons in vivo and in vitro.

Bone tissue engineering from basic research to clinical application

Jiang-hua DAI; Jun LUO; Mei-lan ZHU

2008, 28(4): 411-413.

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The repair of massive bone defect is one of the troubling problems in clinic. The therapeutic efficacy treated by traditional methods, such as repair with autograft, alograft and biomaterial-filling and so on, is not optimal and hinders its widely clinical use. The rising of bone tissue engineering has provided a promising way to solve this problem, and has become one of the hotspots nowadays. However, the key technology of vascularization hasn't been solved ideally up to now. Obviously, the routine train of thoughts is faced up with big challenge in repaiering large bone defect. In order to find a clinically applicable bone tissue engineering approach, we brought forward and set up a microcirculation system of osteogenisis induction by perfusion in vivo.

Experience of experiment teaching in medical school

Bao-hong LI; Xu HE; Ya-mei WANG; Qian-chi XIE

2008, 28(4): 414-416.

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Experiment is an important course for the student in medical school. Through a series experiments and teacher's guidance, students can verify the theory that learned from textbook, learn and master basic methods and skills of experiment, experience the fun of the science research, and improve their ability for research works.

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