Abstract: There were great break through in the studies on aplastic anemia in china during the past 20 years. The annual incidence of aplastic anemia in China was about 0.73 per one hundred thousand population. The risk factors, particularly virus infection, were associated with the onset of aplastic anemia. The pathogenesis of aplastic anemia was recognized as that the marrow failure was resulted mainly by autoimmunic T cell attack through lymphokine induced apoptosis. Aplastic anemia, an autoimmunic marrow failure rather than marrow failure syndromes, should be diagnosed based on marrow failure, T cell over function and exclusion of other similar diseases. Long enough intensive immunosuppressive therapy combined with hemopoietic stimulating factors was proven to be effective on aplastic anemia which might be cured.