Abstract: Objective To study the effects of neural stem cells from human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells transplantation for treatment of cerebral ischemic- reperfusion injury in rats. Methods:The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) 2h and reperfusion models were made by intraluminal vascular occlusion in rats.Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells were cultivated,proliferated and induced into neural stem cells in vitr.Transplantation treated group was transplanted neural stem cells(2×106 cells /ml ) through tail vein at 24h hours after MACO. Neurological function changes were by using Modified neurologic severity scores(MNSS), the volume of cerebral infarction and the change of cerebral pathology were observed by TTC and HE staining. Results The neurologic deficit scores in transplantation treated group were significantly lower than those in ischemia control group at 14d、21d、28d of MCAO (P<0.05,orP<0.01). The infarction volume of transplantation treated group (40.20±9.5 mm3) was less than that of ischemia control group (66.60±14.24mm3) at 14d (P<0.01). The number of degeneration and necrosis nerve cell in ischemia transplanted group is significantly reduced compered to ischemia-reperfusion group.Conclusion Transplantation of neural stem cells differentiated from human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells could improve neurological functionon of cerebral ischemic- reperfusion injury in rats and protective effect on neurons.