Abstract: Objective To investigate the ability of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) to induce vasculogenesis in ischemic hindlimb, and develop an easier and safer therapy method in treatment of ischemic arterial disease of the lower extremity. Methods Build ischemia hindlimb models in rats. BM-MNCs isolated from rat bone marrow were autonomously transplanted into the ischemic area in rat. The animals were killed at 2 days, 30 days after taking the angiography, respectively. Differentiation of the endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), capillaries density and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression of the local tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Results EPCs were found in muscles of the control group, however its number increased in ischemic muscle（P<0.01）. The density of capillaries was much higher in the BM-MNC implantation group than the others after 30 days （P<0.01）. In angiography, collateral arteries were significantly increased in ischemic hindlimbs （P<0.01）. The expression of VEGF was significantly higher in the transplanted muscles after 2 days （P<0.01）. Conclusion BM-MNCs can induce vasculogenesis in the ischemic muscle. Implantation of autologous BM-MNCs could be a simple and efficient therapy for the ischemic hindlimbs.