Abstract��Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a common malignancy,of which the 5-year survival rate is 39% merely. HCC current treatments include surgery, interventional chemotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, and targeting drug delivery. As a typical hypervascular cancer, HCC can be inhibited via tumor angiogenesis inhibitors(TAI). However, TAI can not completely block the nutrient supply of the tumor tissue during treatment, since there exists a special way of blood supply named vascular mimicry(VM) in HCC. Through these pipes similar to the blood vessels HCC can communicate with the host blood vessels and thus acquire blood supply for the growth, invasion and metastasis. A growing number of studies have found that the presence of angiogenesis mimicry structure is one of the key factors limiting TAI in the treatment of liver cancer. This article gave an outline of VM and summarized the formation mechanism of VM and the research status about the hepatocarcinoma therapy.
ABDEL-RAHMAN O. Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC):From bench to bedside[J]. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst, 2013, 25(4):165-171.
[2]
WANG L, YAO M, DONG Z, et al. Circulating specific biomarkers in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and its metastasis monitoring[J]. Tumour Biol, 2014,35(1):9-20.
[3]
BROWN J M. Vasculogenesis:A crucial player in the resistance of solid tumours to radiotherapy[J]. Br J Radiol, 2014,87(1035):20130686.
[4]
DEMIR R, ABA A, HUPPERTZ B. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the endometrium during menstrual cycle and implantation[J]. Acta Histochem, 2010,112(3):203-214.
[5]
CHEN Y S, CHEN Z P. Vasculogenic mimicry:A novel target for glioma therapy[J]. Chin J Cancer, 2014, 33(2):74-79.
[6]
SEFTOR R E, HESS A R, SEFTOR E A, et al. Tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry:From controversy to therapeutic promise[J]. Am J Pathol, 2012,181(4):1115-1125.
[7]
MANIOTIS A J, FOLBERG R, HESS A, et al. Vascular channel formation by human melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro:Vasculogenic mimicry[J]. Am J Pathol, 1999,155(3):739-752.
[8]
MCDONALD D M, MUNN L, JAIN R K. Vasculogenic mimicry:How convincing, how novel, and how significant[J]. Am J Pathol, 2000,156(2):383-388.
[9]
FOLBERG R, ARBIEVA Z, MOSES J, et al. Tumor cell plasticity in uveal melanoma:Microenvironment directed dampening of the invasive and metastatic genotype and phenotype accompanies the generation of vasculogenic mimicry patterns[J]. Am J Pathol, 2006, 169(4):1376-1389.
[10]
BASU G D, LIANG W S, STEPHAN D A, et al. A novel role for cyclooxygenase-2 in regulating vascular channel formation by human breast cancer cells[J]. Breast Cancer Res, 2006,8(6):R69.
[11]
MAQUART F X, MONBOISSE J C. Extracellular matrix and wound healing[J]. Pathol Biol (Paris), 2014, 62(2):91-95.
[12]
MOUW J K, OU G, WEAVER V M. Extracellular matrix assembly:A multiscale deconstruction[J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2014,15(12):771-785.
[13]
KEELY P J. Mechanisms by which the extracellular matrix and integrin signaling act to regulate the switch between tumor suppression and tumor promotion[J]. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 2011,16(3):205-219.
[14]
GUO J Q, ZHENG Q H, CHEN H, et al. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibition of vasculogenic mimicry in pancreatic cancer through downregulation of VEcadherin/EphA2/MMP9/MMP2 expression[J]. Int J Oncol, 2014,45(3):1065-1072.
[15]
LU X S, SUN W, GE C Y, et al. Contribution of the PI3K/MMPs/Ln-5gamma2 and EphA2/FAK/Paxillin signaling pathways to tumor growth and vasculogenic mimicry of gallbladder carcinomas[J]. Int J Oncol, 2013,42(6):2103-2115.
[16]
GIANNOTTA M, TRANI M, DEJANA E. VE-cadherin and endothelial adherens junctions:Active guardians of vascular integrity[J]. Dev Cell, 2013,26(5):441-454.
[17]
LIU R, CAO Z, TU J, et al. Lycorine hydrochloride inhibits metastatic melanoma cell-dominant vasculogenic mimicry[J]. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 2012,25(5):630-638.
[18]
LIU T, SUN B, ZHAO X, et al. HER2/neu expression correlates with vasculogenic mimicry in invasive breast carcinoma[J]. J Cell Mol Med, 2013,17(1):116-122.
[19]
CHEN L X, SUN B C, LI X R, et al. Overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 in choroidal melanoma:Correlation with vesculogenic mimicry and prognosis[J]. Chin J Ophthalmop(�л��ۿ���־), 2012,48(11):985-990.
[20]
WANG W, LIN P, SUN B, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulated by EphA2 contributes to vasculogenic mimicry formation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2014:803914.
[21]
ZHANG J T, SUN W, ZHANG W Z, et al. Norcantharidin inhibits tumor growth and vasculogenic mimicry of human gallbladder carcinomas by suppression of the PI3-K/MMPs/Ln-5gamma2 signaling pathway[J]. BMC Cancer, 2014,14:193.
[22]
HENDRIX M J, SEFTOR E A, MELTZER P S, et al. Expression and functional significance of VE-cadherin in aggressive human melanoma cells:Role in vasculogenic mimicry[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001, 98(14):8018-8023.
[23]
KUMAR V, GABRILOVICH D I. Hypoxia-inducible factors in regulation of immune responses in tumour microenvironment[J]. Immunology, 2014,143(4):512-519.
[24]
RAJA R, KALE S, THORAT D, et al. Hypoxia-driven osteopontin contributes to breast tumor growth through modulation of HIF1alpha-mediated VEGF-dependent angiogenesis[J]. Oncogene, 2014, 33(16):2053-2064.
[25]
LIANG X, XU F, MA C, et al. VEGF Signal system:The application of antiangiogenesis[J]. Curr Med Chem, 2014, 21(7):894-910.
[26]
KIRSCHMANN D A, SEFTOR E A, HARDY K M, et al. Molecular pathways:Vasculogenic mimicry in tumor cells:Diagnostic and therapeutic implications[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2012,18(10):2726-2732.
[27]
DU J, SUN B, ZHAO X, et al. Hypoxia promotes vasculogenic mimicry formation by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian carcinoma[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2014, 133(3):575-583.
[28]
TANG N N, ZHU H, ZHANG H J, et al. HIF-1alpha induces VE-cadherin expression and modulates vasculogenic mimicry in esophageal carcinoma cells[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2014,20(47):17894-17904.
[29]
SUN W, FAN Y Z, ZHANG W Z, et al. A pilot histomorphology and hemodynamic of vasculogenic mimicry in gallbladder carcinomas in vivo and in vitro[J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2011, 30(1):46-57.
[30]
YAO X H, PING Y F, BIAN X W. Contribution of cancer stem cells to tumor vasculogenic mimicry[J]. Protein Cell, 2011,2(4):266-272.
[31]
SCULLY S, FRANCESCONE R, FAIBISH M, et al. Transdifferentiation of glioblastoma stem-like cells into mural cells drives vasculogenic mimicry in glioblastomas[J]. J Neurosci, 2012,32(37):12950-12960.
[32]
MIRSHAHI P, RAFII A, VINCENT L, et al. Vasculogenic mimicry of acute leukemic bone marrow stromal cells[J]. Leukemia, 2009, 23(6):1039-1048.
[33]
VALYI-NAGY K, KORMOS B, ALI M, et al. Stem cell marker CD271 is expressed by vasculogenic mimicry-forming uveal melanoma cells in three-dimensional cultures[J]. Mol Vis, 2012,18(60-65):588-592.
[34]
LIM J, THIERY J P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions:Insights from development[J]. Development, 2012,139(19):3471-3486.
[35]
JING Y, CUI D, GUO W, et al. Activated androgen receptor promotes bladder cancer metastasis via Slug mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition[J]. Cancer Lett, 2014,348(1-2):135-145.
[36]
YANG Z, SUN B, LI Y, et al. ZEB2 Promotes vasculogenic mimicry by TGF-beta1 induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Exp Mol Pathol, 2015,98(3):352-359.
[37]
XIA H, CHEUNG W K, SZE J, et al. miR-200a regulates epithelial-mesenchymal to stem-like transition via ZEB2 and beta-catenin signaling[J]. J Biol Chem, 2010, 285(47):36995-37004.
[38]
FANG X, CAI Y, LIU J, et al. Twist2 contributes to breast cancer progression by promoting an epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem-like cell self-renewa[J]. Oncogene, 2011,30(47):4707-4720.
[39]
MIYAZAKI S, KIKUCHI H, LINO L, et al. Anti-VEGF antibody therapy induces tumor hypoxia and stanniocalcin 2 expression and potentiates growth of human colon cancer xenografts[J]. Int J Cancer, 2014,135(2):295-307.
[40]
HANNA S C, KRISHNAN B, BAILEY S T, et al. HIF1alpha and HIF2alpha independently activate SRC to promote melanoma metastases[J]. J Clin Invest, 2013,123(5):2078-2093.
[41]
MENG J, SUN B, ZHAO X, et al. Doxycycline as an inhibitor of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and vasculogenic mimicry in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Mol Cancer Ther, 2014,13(12):3107-3122.
[42]
CHIABLAEM K, LIRDPRAPAMONGKOL K, KEERATICHAMROEN S, et al. Curcumin suppresses vasculogenic mimicry capacity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through STAT3 and PI3K/AKT inhibition[J]. Anticancer Res, 2014,34(4):1857-1864.
[43]
ZHENG A H, ZHANG W D, WANG Z P, et al. Research on the effect and mechanism of polypeptide extract from scorpion venom combined with 5-fluorouracil on vasculogenic mimicry of H22 hepatoma[J]. Chin J Integr Tradit West Med(�й�����ҽ�����־), 2013,33(4):492-496.